Transcript BELIEFS cont`d

•World History & Geography II
•FOUNDER: Abraham
•HOLY BOOK: the Torah
•HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Synagogue
•FOLLOWERS: “Jews”
HISTORY
•God Spoke to Abraham (around 1800 BCE)
•Abraham makes a covenant (agreement) –
love and support for worship
•God gives Moses the 10 Commandments
BELIEFS
•The first monotheistic religion
•Following Torah and the 10 Commandments
will lead to heaven
•“ethical world view” – people should lead
moral lives
BELIEFS
cont’d
•A synagogue MUST have windows
•Bar Mitzvah: boys declare responsibility as adults
•Bat Mitzvah: girls have similar ceremony
TRADITIONS
•Passover: signifies “passing over” from
slavery in Egypt to freedom
•Rosh Hashanah: the Jewish New Year
•Yom Kippur: Day of Atonement – fasting
to repent; to purify body and soul
TRADITIONS
cont’d
•Hanukkah: the Festival of Lights
– a declaration of faith
• Kosher diet: no pork; dietary laws overseen
by Rabbis
TRADITIONS
cont’d
• Yarmulke: worn to symbolize God’s superiority
to men
•Saturday is considered the Sabbath
•FOUNDER: Jesus of Nazareth
•HOLY BOOK: the Bible
(Old Testament and New Testament)
•HOUSE OF WORSHIP: churches
•FOLLOWERS: Christians
HISTORY
•Jesus Christ born in Bethlehem
•Followers believed him to be the Messiah
(King of the Jews) and son of God
•Attracted followers because of his
message that stressed love for God
and compassion for other people
HISTORY
• Constantine granted toleration to
Christians and converted in 313 CE
•Christianity was made the official religion
of the Roman Empire in 395 CE
cont’d
BELIEFS
• Monotheistic
•The Trinity – Father/Son/Holy Spirit
one God in three beings
•Treat others as you would be treated
• God is a loving and forgiving being
BELIEFS
• Good deeds on Earth will be rewarded
with a life in “heaven” after death
•Ten Commandments
• Jesus died for all mens’ sins
cont’d
TRADITIONS
•Celebration of Christ’s birth – Christmas
•Celebration of Christ’s resurrection – Easter
•Consider Sunday the Sabbath
Modern Christianity
• ALL Christian religions that are NOT
Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox are
Protestant denominations
• There are more than 200 Protestant
denominations today
•FOUNDER: Muhammad
•HOLY BOOK: Quran (Koran)
•HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Mosque
•FOLLOWERS: Muslims
•GOD: Known as Allah
HISTORY
•Muhammad is born about 570 in Mecca
•610: he is visited by the angel Gabriel and
called to be a messenger of God
•Muhammad tries to convert the
people of Mecca but fails
HISTORY
cont’d
• 622: the Hijra – Muhammad and his followers
left Mecca for Yathrib (now Medina)
•Muhammad was welcomed in Medina as
a ruler and as God’s prophet; as a
result, thousands adopted Islam
BELIEFS
•Allah is all powerful and all knowing
•Allah is the only God
•Christian and Jewish prophets
(including Jesus) are
messengers of Allah’s word
BELIEFS
cont’d
•All people are created equal and born without
sin
•Each person will stand before Allah on Judgment
Day and go to paradise or to hell
BELIEFS/PRACTICES
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
•SHAHADA: the profession of faith in Allah
as the one true God
•SALAT: the ritual prayers
performed five times per day
while facing Mecca (east)
BELIEFS/PRACTICES
Cont’d
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
•ZAKAT: almsgiving or charity
•SAWM: fasting during the daylight
hours of the holy month of
Ramadan
BELIEFS/PRACTICES
Cont’d
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
•HAJJ: pilgrimage to Mecca – done at least once
by every Muslim who is able
BELIEFS/PRACTICES
Cont’d
•DIET: no pork
no alcohol or other addictive drugs
•Friday is considered the Sabbath
•FOUNDER: no single founder
•HOLY BOOK: the Vedas
•HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Temples
•FOLLOWERS: Hindus
Shiva
BELIEFS
“God is one but wise people
know it by many names”
•BRAHMAN: A single spiritual power beyond
the many gods of the Vedas – an unchanging,
all-powerful spiritual force
BELIEFS
•The most important Hindu gods are:
•Brahma – the creator
•Vishnu – the preserver
•Shiva – the destroyer
cont’d
Shiva
BELIEFS
cont’d
•REINCARNATION: rebirth after death into
another form
•conduct in this life determines caste in
the next
•MOKSHA: achieving union with
Brahman
BELIEFS
•KARMA: all of the actions of a person’s
life that affect his/her fate in the next life
•DHARMA: an individual’s religious and
moral duties
cont’d
`
BELIEFS
cont’d
•CASTE SYSTEM (Jati): the social hierarchy that
divided and framed Hindu society
•Five primary groups:
* Brahmans (priest caste)
* Kashatriyas (warrior caste)
* Vaisayas (merchants and farmers)
* Sudras (menial workers)
* Panchamas (untouchables)
-- now known as Harijans
•FOUNDER: Siddhartha Gautama
•Buddha means “Enlightened One”
•HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Temples
•FOLLOWERS: Buddhists
HISTORY
•Siddhartha was born about 566 BCE into the
Kashatriya (warrior) caste
•Left his home to discover “the realm of life
where there is neither suffering nor
death”
BELIEFS
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
FIRST NOBLE TRUTH: All life is full of
suffering, pain and sorrow (SAMSARA)
SECOND NOBLE TRUTH: Desire
is the cause of this suffering
BELIEFS (cont’d)
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
THIRD NOBLE TRUTH: The only cure for
suffering is to overcome desire
FOURTH NOBLE TRUTH: Nirvana
can be reached by way of the
Eightfold Path
BELIEFS (cont’d)
EIGHTFOLD PATH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Right Views
Right Aspiration
Right Speech
Right Conduct
Right Mindfulness
Right Rapture
7. Right Livelihood
8. Right Effort
BELIEFS (cont’d)
•Through meditation a Buddhist may achieve
enlightenment
•The final goal of a Buddhist is to reach
NIRVANA, union with the universe
and release from the cycle of
rebirth
BELIEFS (cont’d)
• The Middle Way: The Buddha saw following
the Eightfold Path as a way to salvation
•Buddhism emphasizes moral and ethical
rules
BELIEFS (cont’d)
SHARED TRADITIONS (with Hinduism):
•Both accept concepts of Kharma, Dharma
and Moksha
•Cycle of rebirth
•Principles of nonviolence
BELIEFS (cont’d)
DIFFERENCES from Hinduism:
•Rejects priests, formal rituals and the many
Hindu gods
•Urges individuals to seek enlightenment
through meditation
•Rejected the caste system