Transcript Christianity

UNIT 1
Foundations of World Civilization
8000 BCE – 600 CE
[Barron’s Chps. 4 - 5]
Social Structure &
Cross-Cultural Connections
Chp. 6 – Strayer
Chp. 4 – Barron’s
Class Structures
1. All societies have class distinctions typically
defined by…
–
Wealth, ancestry, or
occupation
2. There was less social
stratification in hunting
& gathering societies
–
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Possession were
shared or owned
commonly
Exceptions 
Chieftains, elders,
priests...(McCoy’s
ancestors)
Class Structures
3. Agricultural Societies
How could agriculture influence class structure?
– Class distinction started being developed
– More people have private property…tools & livestock
– Food surpluses 
some people don’t
need to be directly
involved in food
production
– Specialization of
Labor develops
because people are free to develop other skills
Class Structures
3. Agricultural Societies
How could agriculture influence class structure?
– Social Stratification Develops
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•
•
Certain roles like political or military leadership are more
powerful than others
Upper and Lower classes start to emerge
Social hierarchies
are formed 
ranking social
classes
Class Structures
4. Social Hierarchy
–
Each society puts members into and ranks each social
class
–
Society determines how each class relates to each other
–
Social mobility
is determined
•
Difficulty of moving
from one class to
another
Class Structures
4. Social Hierarchy
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Religion often determines social hierarchy
–
Social stratification
tends to be rigid
i.e. India’s Caste
System
Class Structures
4. Social Hierarchy
–
Advantages of upper class in most early societies…
•
Legal
advantages
•
Financial
advantages
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Lenient
treatment
before the law
•
Immunity from
taxation
Class Structures
5. Who Dominated Society?
–
In most early societies political, religious, and social
power have been control by men
We call these….
–
Patriarchies
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Male dominated
societies
Some societies
were matriarchal
but this was
rare…sorry ladies
Forms of Government
1. As societies grow they develop more complex
forms of government. Most political systems fall
into a few basic systems…
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Monarchy
Parliament
Feudal System
Oligarchy
Republic
Democracy
Theocracy
Nations
Forms of Government
2. Monarchy
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Most common prior to modern era
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Single ruler—king, queen,
emperor, empress
Power justified via religion
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•
•
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Egyptian pharaohs 
sun god’s incarnation
Chinese emperors 
Mandate of Heaven
European kings 
divine right
Forms of Government
2. Monarchy
–
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Nobility (aristocracy)  small group of upper class
elite who assist monarch politically, economically,
militarily
Societies with limited monarchies often rule in
conjunction with
parliament
•
–
Prior to 1000 CE
such system were rare
Monarchs who have
lots of power are
called autocratic
or despotic
Forms of Government
3. Feudal System
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Local nobility outweigh
central governing authority
Examples include feudal
Japan and Europe
4. Oligarchy
- Rule by a few
- Usually family or small
elite group
Forms of Government
5. Republic
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All adult (male) citizens play a role in government
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Citizens don’t necessarily play equal role in gov’t
i.e. Votes of Roman patricians counted more than
plebeian votes
–
A republic can
be different from
republican form
of democracy
(representative gov’t)
Forms of Government
6. Democracy
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Equal political rights for all (male) citizens
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It’s possible for a republic to be fully democratic
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Best example of
democracy 
Athens
Forms of Government
7. Theocracy
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Governed by religious
elite
i.e. Modern-day Iran
8. Nations (nation-states)
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Centralized governments
Uniform legal system constitution
Common identity  language, ethnicity, religion,
cultural heritage
This form of gov’t is relatively new idea
Slavery
1. Widespread until 1800 C.E.
2. Prior to 600 C.E. most societies benefited from
economic activities reliant on slavery
3. Slaved divided into two groups
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Household slaves
Hard labor  construction & agriculture
Slavery
4. Societies laws & customs determine slaves legal
rights and treatment
5. How did people become slaves?
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Prisoners of war
Captives
Debtors who were sold
Kidnapped
Some societies slavery was hereditary
Slavery
6. Slave Trade
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Prior to 1000 C.E. major slave markets grew around the
Mediterranean, Africa, China, and the Far East
1400 – 1800 C.E.  Europeans transport millions of
Africans to North & South America. Known as the
Atlantic slave trade
Serfdom
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Not slavery but similar
Peasants
Bound to land
Had legal rights but vulnerable to abuses that slaves were
War
1. Most common form of human interaction
2. Why fight?
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Competition over land, water, livestock, fear / hatred of
others
3. Stone Age  all able bodied men fought
4. Bronze Age
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Specialization of labor makes it possible to create a
class of soldiers
Improved metallurgy gave soldiers better weapons
Trade
1. Trade is the exchange of goods
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Cultures are forced to interact because of this
Mutually beneficial for cultures to buy, sell, or barter
resources
2. Two types of trade…
1. Within societies…brings cities, villages into closer
contact
2. Trading with other societies…creates connections &
interdependencies
Trade
3. Benefits of trade
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Equal trade leads to prosperity for all parties
Exchange of ideas, information, cultural practices
Preserves peace
4. Problems resulting from trade
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Trade disputes have led to war
Enemies tried to block trade in order to weaken their
adversary
i.e. Blockades and sanctions
Trade
5. Ways to trade…
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Water transport
1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Indian Ocean
3. Other water trade routes…Baltic Sea, rivers of Western
Europe (Rhine & Danube), Black Sea, China’s Pacific
shore
Trade
5. Ways to trade…
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Land Routes
1. Caravan routes of Sahara desert and the Arabian
peninsula
2. Silk Road  Longest and most important trade route
– Stretched more than 5,000 miles
– Linked China to Mediterranean Coast & Europe
Religious Interaction
1. Religious beliefs spread across borders, allowing
different cultures to impact each other
2. How do religions spread?
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Peaceful cultural contacts……Buddhism
Missionary activity................Christianity
War……………………………..Islam
Religious Interaction
3. As societies interact they often absorb basic
religious concepts of their neighbors
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Many religious ideas spread through Eurasia
i.e. Adoption of Sumerian gods by Babylonians, Rome used
Greek deities
4. World’s biggest religions traveled far from their
birthplace by 1000 C.E.
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Buddhism starts in India (Sri Lanka) spreads to
Eastern and Southeastern Asia
Hinduism starts in India spreads to S.E. Asia
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam start in Middle East 
impact the whole world
Migration of Peoples
1. Migration is the mass movement of large numbers
of people
2. Migration has had major effects on ethnic and
cultural makeup of most societies
3. When were the continents settled?
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Africa  humans originate here
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Bantu Migration 1000 B.C.E.
Middle East & Asia  100,000 years ago
Australia  50,000 years ago
Europe  40,000 years ago
Americas  15,000 years ago
Migration of Peoples
4. After the continents settled, the regions
experiencing the greatest waves of migration were
Africa, the Pacific, Eurasia
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1000 B.C.E. Bantu spread throughout sub-Saharan
Africa
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200 B.C.E. Polynesians from S.E. Asia settled 1000’s
of islands making-up today’s Philippians and Indonesia
Migration of Peoples
4. After the continents settled, the regions
experiencing the greatest waves of migration were
Africa, the Pacific, Eurasia
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Europe was flooded with influx of invaders from 200
C.E. to 1000 C.E.  Great Age of Migrations
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Germanic & Asiatic peoples move into Europe
Referred to as barbarians
Played major role in developing many modern-day European
ethnicities and cultures
Religious Traditions &
Belief Systems
Chp. 5 – Strayer
Chp. 5 – Barron’s
Northern Tier
Fertile
Crescent
The Maghreb
Arabian
Peninsula
Hebrews
• Nomadic group in the
Fertile Crescent.
• Written & spoken
language = Hebrew.
• Set up the 1st
monotheistic religion.
Books:
• Holy book = Torah
Places of Worship
• Synagogue or temple
• Religious leader = Rabbi
• Holy Day = Saturday
Important People
• Abraham & Moses
Celebrations:
• Yom Kippur; Hanukkah;
Rosh Hashanah; Passover
Important Places:
• Jerusalem
Major Beliefs:
• God = Yahweh
Abraham
1. According to the Hebrew religion, Abraham is
the Jewish patriarch.
2. Lived near Sumerian city of Ur.
3. Made a covenant with God (YHWH).
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YHWH also known as Yahweh or Jehovah
4. YHWH promised to make Hebrews his “chosen
people” and to lead them to the “promised
land” (present day Isreal).
Abraham
5. Between 2000 – 1850 B.C.E., Hebrews left Ur
and journeyed westward.
6. Abraham’s leadership was carried on by his son
Isaac and later Isaac’s youngest son Jacob.
7. Jacob takes the name Israel (prince).
–
Jacobs 12 sons are the founders of the 12 tribes of
Israel
Abraham’s Covenant
1. Abraham = 1st Jew & founder of
Judaism
2. He makes a covenant (sacred
contract) with God.
– Hebrews = Chosen People
– God makes Abraham leader of the
Hebrews.
– God gives Abraham a son in his old
age (they become the Hebrew
people).
– God gives Abraham the “Promised
Land” (modern day Israel).
Abraham’s family tree
Sarah
Isaac
Jacob
12 Tribes of Israel
The Jewish People
Kings David & Solomon
Abraham
Moses
1. Hebrews move to Egypt due to famine.
2. Hebrews multiply quickly  Pharaoh kills
all male children for 1 generation.
3. Moses grows up in Pharaoh’s house.
Helps govern Egypt.
4. Moses learns he’s adopted & Hebrew;
starts treating Hebrews better.
Moses
5. Runs away into desert; God commands Moses
to lead Hebrews out of Egypt back to promised
land.
6. Moses tells Pharaoh to let the Hebrews leave.
7. Warns Pharaoh if Hebrews are not allowed to go
God will send plagues down to Egypt.
8. Due to plagues Pharaoh kicks Hebrew’s out of
Egypt.
Moses continued…
9. Pharaoh changes his mind; chases
Hebrews to Red Sea.
10. God allows Moses to part Red Sea.
11.Hebrew’s escape; journey in search
of Promise Land; must cross desert.
12. Miracles in desert.
Moses continued…
13.Promise Land = Canaan (Israel)
14.Canaanites refuse to leave.
15.God destroys wall around Jericho; set
up Kingdom of Israel.
Kingdom of Israel
(2 major Kings)
KING DAVID
KING SOLOMON
(David’s Son)
• Warrior; Poet;
Musician
• Political Leader
• Good Ruler
• Kingdom’s Peek
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•
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Wise king
Built Temple of
Jerusalem
After Solomon’s
reign nation is
divided into two.
Zionism
1. Jewish culture & the Diaspora
– 70 AD Romans force Jews out of Israel
– Maintain Jewish culture in new countries believing
one day to return back to Israel
– Unites Jews  continue to speak Hebrew in their
new countries, keep Jewish religion & holidays 
Causes people in these countries to view Jews as
being different
– Anti-Semitism  Discrimination & prejudice
against Jews
– Pogroms  Organized effort by Russian gov’t to
discriminate & kill Jews in Russia.
Zionism
2. ZIONIST MOVEMENT
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Movement among the Jews around
the world to return to Israel
(Palestine).
Jews wanted land in Palestine
(Israel)
3. Led by Theodor Herzl
4. Some Jews begin to move to
Palestine.
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By 1900 -1940 more and more Jews
will move to Palestine.
Theodor Herzl
Christianity
Judeo-Christian Tradition
1. Derived from Judaism
2. Judaism and Christianity form the bedrock of
modern-day Western culture.
Christianity
Life & Ministry of Jesus
1. Founder of Christianity =
Jesus (4 B.C.E. – 29 C.E.)
2. Also known as the Christ (messiah)
3. Followers believe he is the son of God
4. Historical text containing info. on Jesus…
–
The Gospels [1st four books of the Bibles new
testament]
Christianity
Life & Ministry of Jesus
5. Jesus tried to reform Hebrew laws & traditions
6. He felt sincerity to one’s belief mattered more than
following Hebrew traditions.
7. Jesus felt charity, compassion, and forgiveness
were most important characteristics to seek after.
8. These tenants were reinforced in his Sermon on
the Mount.
Christianity
Life & Ministry of Jesus
9. Jesus claimed to be the Christ (Messiah) foretold
by Jewish prophecy.
10. Jews people believed the Messiah to be a king who
would physically restore the nation of Israel.
11. Jesus taught about a heavenly kingdom instead.
12. Referred to himself as the “Son of God,” whose
teachings would redeem his followers.
Christianity
Life & Ministry of Jesus
13. His teaching proved very popular among the poor
14. His claims of being the Messiah angered
conservative Jewish people.
15. Roman authorities grew suspicious of his title
“King of the Jews” (misinterpretation of what he
meant by being the Messiah.
16. Jesus was tried and sentenced to death via
crucifixion.
Christianity
Early Christian Church
1. Christ’s followers claimed that he had risen from
the grave and ascended up to God
2. These believers became known as Christians
3. Jesus closest disciples, known as apostles, 1st
carried on Jesus beliefs…Peter, John, etc…
4. The apostles told the story of Christ’s life,
crucifixion, and resurrection.
5. They told of Christ’s 2nd coming
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day when physical world will come to an end
Christianity
Early Christian Church
6. Roman law made Christianity illegal.
7. Paul, an apostle of Christ, helped spread
Christianity throughout the Middle East, Greece,
and Rome.
8. Paul preached from approximately 45 – 64 C.E.
9. Paul helped bring Christianity to non-Jewish
people (gentiles)…new religions spreads quickly
Christianity
Early Christian Church
10. Many non-Roman Citizens, slaves, women, and
the poor convert to Christianity
11. Open to all people
12. Later the organized Christian Church becomes
male-dominated but the early church gave women
more influential roles (there were limits to this)
Christianity
Early Christian Church
13. Women in the organized church (Roman Catholic
Church)….
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Claimed Eve committed “original sin”
Paul’s writings put women in secondary position
Women were to obey men
Not allowed to attain priesthood
Christianity
Roman Persecution of Christianity
1. Christianity was persecuted for 1st 300 years of
existence
2. Christians communicated using secret codes, held
service is secret catacombs
3. Romans often tried to arrest & execute Christians
4. Those who died for their faith were known as
martyrs
5. This persecution strengthened the church
Christianity
Legalization and Organized Church
1. Edict of Milan 313 C.E.
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Grants legal status to
Christianity
Emperor Constantine
approves Edict and
converts
2. Becomes official
religion of the Roman
Empire in 392 C.E.
Christianity
Legalization and Organized Church
3. Structure of the Church…
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Hierarchy of priests, bishops, pope
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Men could only serve in clergy
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Establish dogma, official set of beliefs, including
1. Christ (human and divine)
2. Trinity (God the Father, Christ the Son, Holy Spirit)
Christianity
Legalization and Organized Church
3. Holy book = the Bible
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Church completed all books of the Bible
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Two parts  Old and New Testament
Christianity
Legalization and Organized Church
4. Church Fathers
– Priests & scholars who attend a series of
councils during the 300’s C.E. that create the
foundations of the organized church
– Famous fathers…
• Jerome (347 – 420 C.E.) Vulgate (1st Latin
translation of Bible)
• Augustine (354 – 430 C.E.) City of God (foundation
of Church doctrine)
Christianity
Christianity after fall of Rome
1. Rome still the headquarters of the Christian
Church in Europe (old Western part of Roman
Empire)
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Known as Roman Catholic Church
2. Constantinople became headquarters for Eastern
Christian Church
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Later known as Eastern Orthodox Church
Christianity
Christianity after fall of Rome
3. Great Schism of 1054 C.E.
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Church divided into two groups…
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Eastern Orthodoxy [Eastern Church]  Byzantine
Empire, Middle East, Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe
–
Roman Catholicism [Western Church]  Western
Europe
•
Becomes very important institution during Europes Middle
Ages
Abraham’s family tree
Sarah
Abraham
Isaac
Jacob
12 Tribes of
Israel
The Jewish
People
Kings David &
Solomon
Joseph & Mary
Jesus
Muhammad (570 – 632 A.D)
1. Early Life
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Born in Mecca
Orphaned as a youth; raised by his uncle;
traveled throughout the Arabian Peninsula,
exposed to many cultures.
2. Married rich widow named Khadija
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Moved up to upper class; spent much of his
time meditating on religion.
3. God speaks to Muhammad
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Angel Gabriel relates Islamic beliefs to
him.
Angel tells Muhammad that God wants
Muhammad to be his prophet.
Muhammad submits to God’s will 
ISLAM = submission to God’s will
Muhammad (Continued…)
4. Muhammad writes down God’s message in holy book 
KORAN (QU’RAN)
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5.
Koran is God’s words & teachings NOT Muhammad’s.
Muslims believe Koran should only be read in Arabic.
ALLAH = GOD
Mecca’s reaction
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Muhammad begins to preach God’s word in Mecca.
People came to Mecca to worship many different gods;
innkeepers & businessmen made lots of money when these
people came.
Muhammad tells these people they should only be worshiping 1
God (Allah).
People & merchants reject Muhammad’s message.
Muhammad becomes poor after his wife dies  continues trying
to convert people to monotheism  he & his followers are
forced to leave Mecca.
Muhammad (Continued…)
6. Hijra
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Muhammad’s trip from Mecca to Medina. Marks the
beginning of the Islamic religion
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622 C.E. = 1 A.H. (After Hijra)
Turning Point in development in Islam. Many people
believe Muhammad’s message in Medina.
Muhammad builds an army of 10,000 loyal Muslims.
MUSLIM = members of Islamic faith
Muhammad uses his army to conquer Mecca.
Mecca becomes religious capital & most holy city for
Moslems in 630 A.D.
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7. Greatest Prophet  Muhammad
Minor Prophets  Abraham, Moses, Jesus
622 A.D. = Hijra
630 A.D.= Muhammad takes Mecca
Koran / Qu’ran
1. Islam’s holy book
2. Allah’s message to humans
recorded by Muhammad.
3. Written in Arabic.
4. For Muslims, it’s the actual
words of Allah.
5. One of the main guides for how
Muslims’ should live their life.
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Sharia
???
Islam
1. Islam = religion founded by Muhammad;
“submission to Allah’s will”
2. Muslim = followers of the Islamic religion;
“one who submits”
3. 5 Pillars of Islam = duties and
obligations all Muslims worldwide must
follow; helps unite Muslims around the
world.
Shahada
1. “Testimony” (Profession of Faith
for Muslims)
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Believe in Allah & Muhammad is greatest
prophet.
2. Contains the major beliefs of Islam:
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“There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is
his prophet,”
La ilaha il Allah, Muhammad-ur-Rasool-Allah
Hajj
1. All Muslims who are able are required to make a
pilgrimage to Mecca, once in their life. This trip is
called the hajj.
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Kaaba  site where Abraham almost sacrificed son to God
Black Stone  part of Abrahams alter used to make the
sacrifice
D’ul al Hajj  12th month of year; only time Hajj is made
Hajji  added to end of you name once you make Hajj
Almsgiving
1. The Qu’ran teaches that all Muslims are equal in
the eyes of Allah and that all Muslims are
brothers.
2. It also teaches that all we have comes from
Allah’s generosity. Therefore Muslims should
share Allah’s gifts with other, needy Muslims.
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Zakat = Yearly gift required of all Muslims;
Muslims must give 2½% of their wealth to the less
fortunate.
Sadaqah = Additional gifts to the poor.
Ramadan
1. 9th month of the Muslim Calendar.
2. Month when Muhammad struggled to accept
Allah job as messenger. Muslims
commemorate his struggle by:
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FASTING: Muslims cannot eat, drink, smoke, or
have sex from sunup to sundown for 30 days.
Iftar = breaking the fast (large meals at sundown)
Exceptions: young children, sick, travelers
Prayer
1. All Muslims should pray facing the city of
Mecca.
2. This is done 5 times a day, at specific times.
3. Mosque
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Imam = Islamic priest
Muezzin = tell people when it’s prayer time
Minarets = towers around Mosque
Islam after Muhammad
1. After Muhammad’s death in 632 A.D.
Muslims wondered who would be their
leader.
2. CALIPH = “successor to the prophet;”
leader of Islam after Muhammad.
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1st Caliph  Muhammad’s son-in law
After he died Muslims disagree who should be
next Caliph. (Schism = religious division over
doctrine)
3. Types of Muslims
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SUNNI  Caliph should be person with most
knowledge of the Koran
SHIITE  Caliph should be descendant of
Muhammad
Abraham’s family tree
Sarah
Abraham
Isaac
Ishmael
(Abraham’s first
born & heir)
Jacob
The Arab People
12 Tribes of
Israel
The Jewish
People
Kings David &
Solomon
Hagar
Muhammad
Joseph & Mary
Jesus
Muslims
Western Religions:
Similarities & Differences
JUDAISM
Covenant
“Chosen People”
Promised Land
Moses = Main prophet
Synagogue / Rabbi
Torah
Messiah will
come
CHRISTIANITY
Monotheism
Heaven/Hell
Same God
Abraham
Jerusalem
Jesus = God’s
son
Jesus = Messiah
Bible, Church
Minister/Priest
Mary
Muhammad = Main Prophet
Qu’ran
Mosque
Imam
5 Pillars
Jihad
ISLAM
Eastern Religions &
Philosphies
Aryan Civilizations
1,200 - 200
B.C.
1. The Aryans had a written and
spoken language called
Sanskrit.
2. The Aryans wrote the Vedas
which become Hindu holy
texts.
–
Rig-Veda = Oldest religious text
3. The Vedas divided jobs among
the people and set up the
varnas which later became
Hinduism’s Caste System.
4. Aryans villages were ruled by hereditary
tribal chiefs, called rajahs.
Hinduism:
Basic Belief System
Reincarnation
Cycle of death & rebirth
MOKSHA = freedom from
reincarnation
Karma
Results of your actions
that come back to affect
you; cosmic payback
Dharma
Rules Hindu’s must abide
by in their life
Different for each person
Hinduism
The Caste System
– Hereditary social classes in Hindu
Society
– Can not change during your life
– Ranks you according to the purity
of your Atman
– Varna = Caste
 Aryan’s set up to determine
what job’s you were eligible for
Hindu Caste System
Reincarnation moves you up or down social ladder
Moksha will free you from reincarnation only after being a good
Brahmin
1. Brahmin - or priests: the highest varna, believed to have emerged from
Brahman’s mouth. (i.e. teachers, cooks)
2. Kashatriya the warrior or ruling class who were made from Brahman’s
arms. (i.e. gov’t officials, officers in army)
3. Vaishya merchants or artisans who came from Brahman’s thighs.
4. Sudra the unskilled labourers and servants who emerged from Brahman’s feet.
These were the lowest class, or varna.
(i.e. common soldier, construction workers)
======================
Untouchables (Harijans) Those too lowly to be within the varna system
were known as the untouchables
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Unclean / Impurity is contagious / Beggars, Sewer Workers/ Live outside
village
Caste System
(Effects on Indian Society)
(+) EFFECTS
– Work divided up evenly between people
(people know what they can / can’t do)
(-) EFFECTS
– Jobs tied to caste system
(i.e. Untouchables unwilling to apply for
work at new factory—they would believe
that work is reserved for Shudra’s)
3 Major Hindu Gods
BRAHMAN = Brahman is the name
given to the oneness of the universe. All
knowing, all powerful god; breaks himself up into 3
other gods.
Brahma:
Shiva:
Vishnu:
Creator god
Destroyer god
(god of death)
Preserver or
Sustainer god
Other Hindu Gods & Goddesses
Lord Ganesha
Goddess Durga
Lord Krishna
Lord Rama
Goddess Saraswati
Goddess Lakshmi
Hindu Holy Texts:
1. Vedas
– Series of holy books; basis for Hinduism
– Explains Dharma / Karma / Reincarnation
2. Upanishads
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Experts interpretation of Vedas
Reference books
3. Mahabharata
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Poem with over 100,000 verses
Explains why & how you should act
4. Bhagavad-Gita “Song of the Lord”
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Section of Mahabharata
Most important holy book; story of Lord Krishna
Buddhism
LIFE OF SIDDHARTHA GUATAMA
1. Founder= Siddhartha Guatama (India)
2. Prince
– Grows up wealthy
3. Meditation & Enlightenment
– Meets people worse off than himself.
– Wonders why people suffer so much;
fasts to figure out why this is so.
4. Basic Philosophy
– Finally figures out how world works =
enlightment.
– Reach enlightenment = Buddha
5. Sacred Text:
– “Three baskets of Wisdom”
The Four Noble Truths
1.
2.
3.
4.
Life is suffering.
Suffering is caused by desires for earthly things.
To end suffering, you must end your desires.
To end desires, you must follow The Eightfold Path of
Conduct.
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Reincarnation = end of life; reborn over & over again
Nirvana = not a place; a new state of mind, a new
existence, perfection.
The Eightfold Path of Conduct
• Steps taken to stop worldly desires
• Complete these steps = freed from
reincarnation; achieve Nirvana
1. Right effort
2. Right resolve
3. Right mindfulness
4. Right actions
5. Right views
6. Right concentration
7. Right speech
8. Right livelihood
2 Types of Buddhism
1. Theravada Buddhism
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Oldest form of Buddhism (founded in India)
Remains closer to spirit of Buddha’s actual
teachings
Emphasizes simplicity, meditation, and
interpretation of nirvana
predominant religion of Sri Lanka and most of
continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos,
Burma, Thailand)
2 Types of Buddhism
2. Mahayana Buddhism
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Widespread in northern and northeastern Asia—
Japan, Korea, Tibet, parts of China
More elaborate than Theravada Buddhism
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Involves more rituals and symblogy—priests, ceremonies,
and new scriptures
Ironically these practices are very similar to Hinduism,
which Buddha himself disapproved of
Most Buddhist today follow this form
Mauryan Empire
324 – 184 B.C.E.
1. A large empire that covered northern
India.
2. A road system was set up and irrigation
canals were built.
3. Asoka was the greatest of the Maurya
rulers. After winning a major battle, he
converted to Buddhism and became a
much kinder, caring ruler. He became
a very tolerant ruler who rejected
violence.
4. Asoka’s wise rule helped spread
Buddhism to China and Southeast Asia.
It is because of Asoka’s efforts that
Buddhism is a major world religion
today.
Zhou Dynasty
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Longest dynasty (over 900 years!!)
Mandate of Heaven
Age of Philosophers
Much of Chinese culture develops.
Confucius
"A Jade stone is
useless before it is
processed; a man is
good-for-nothing
until he is
educated."
• Kung Fu-tzu
• Wanted to be in gov’t; became a
teacher
• Lived during time of chaos- tried
to fix Zhou society
• Wanted to set up a perfect
society
• Teachings collected by his
students into the book the
Analects.
• Li
Confucian Society
• Order:
– 5 Relationships
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Ruler Subject
Father/Son
Husband/Wife
Older Brother/Younger
Brother(s)
• Friend/Friend
• Responsibility
– Jen
– Loyalty
– Filial Piety
• Families
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Patriarchy
Ancestoral Worship
Clans
Marriage
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Age
Purpose
Arranged
Patrilocal
Husband/Wife relationship
Sons & Daughters
In-Laws
Divorce
Concubines
Foot binding
Footbinding
• The Chinese found small feet to be a very
attractive physical feature in a woman.
• Wealthy Chinese women wrapped or
bound, their feet, beginning at a young age,
to keep them from getting big.
• The result was a “lily foot” (because it
resembled the flower’s shape). They were
difficult to stand on and hurt to walk for any
distance.
Footbinding
Confucian Society (cont.)
Based on EDUCATION & CONTRIBUTION TO
SOCIETY
• Scholar (Gentry)
• Peasant
• Artisan
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• Merchant
• “Mean” People
Social Mobility
Daoism
• Native Chinese religion
• Founded during Zhou Dynasty by Laozi
(Lao Tzu)
• Stresses respect for and cooperation with
NATURE
• Dao
• Text: The Dao de Qing (The Way and the Power
Classic)
• Simple, natural things are superior to man-made
things.
• Encouraged study of science & math
• Major influence on Chinese art.
• Relationship with Confucianism
Yin & Yang
Equal, opposing forces in nature
Yin:
Yang:
• Darkness
• Light
• Earth
• Heaven
• Negative
• Positive
• Female
• Male
• Moon
• Sun
• Weakness
• Forceful
• Water
• Fire
• Cold
• Heat
• Passive
• Dominant
•Yin & Yang must be kept in balance for things to
work properly.
•If unbalanced, chaos, disorder, illness results.
Legalism
Han Feizi, Founder
of Legalism
• Philosophy set up by Han Feizi (during the Zhou
Dynasty).
• Believed humans were naturally evil.
• Rulers must control people and teach them to
behave via strict rules & harsh punishments.
• Effective, but extremely unpopular.