Transcript fellmann11e_ch5_powerpoint

Human Geography
Jerome D. Fellmann
Mark Bjelland
Arthur Getis
Judith Getis
Human
Geography
Chapter 5
Language and
Religion:
Mosaics of
Culture
LANGUAGE
A QUICK REVIEW
The Classification of
Languages
• What is Language?
• Language Families?
• Subfamilies,
branches, or
groups?
• Protolanguage?
• Genetic
Classification?
World Pattern of Languages
• Language Spread
– Different forms of diffusion
•Relocation Diffusion?
–Culture is transported
•Hierarchical Diffusion?
–Status
•Expansion Diffusion?
–With partial or total acculturation of
the adopting population
Language Change
• English
– Gradual and cumulative changes
– Before the 18th century, the English
language gained thousands of words
from the Latin, Greek, and French
languages
– After the discovery and colonization of
new lands, aboriginal American,
Australian, and African names were
adopted
Standard and Variant
Languages
• Standard Language?
– Came from the dialect
of the most powerful
and prestigious
• Dialects? Soda or Pop?
– Social dialects?
– Vernacular language?
– Geographic or regional
dialects?
• Linguistic geography?
- Isogloss?
• Pidgins and Creoles
– Amalgam of languages
– Simplified form Spanglish
Spanglish Song Runglish
– Creole language is a
pidgin language with a
more complex structure
and vocabulary that has
become the native
language of a group of
people. Cajun
Standard and Variant
Languages
• Lingua Franca
– A lingua franca is a language used
among speakers of different languages for
the purposes of trade and commerce.
Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The message on the back of the bench
is written in the lingua franca known to virtually all Indian migrants to
the Arabian Peninsula. © Alexander B. Murphy.
.
Standard and Variant Languages
Multilingualism
• Monolingual states are countries where
almost everyone speaks the same language.
Ex.: Japan, Uruguay, Iceland, Denmark,
Portugal, Poland, Lesotho
• Countries in which more than one language
is in use are called multilingual states.
Language, Territoriality, and
Identity
• Recognition and Autonomy
Insert figure 5.15
© Barbara Weightman
Photo by Mark Bjellend
Language, Territoriality, and Identity
Official Languages
• Countries with linguistic fragmentation
often adopt an official language (or
languages) to tie the people together.
• A State adopts an official language in the
hope of promoting communication and
interaction among peoples who speak
different local and regional languages.
• The official languages in a country are a
reflection of the country’s history.
Should the U.S. adopt an official
Language?
Language on the Landscape:
Toponymy (The study of place
names)
• Cultural geographer Yi-Fu Tuan has
studied the role and function of language in
the shaping of places.
• Each place has a unique location and
constitutes a reflection of human activities,
ideas, and tangible, durable creations.
• Tuan argued that by simply naming a
place, people in effect call that place into
being, and thereby impart a certain
character to it = toponyms.
The Ten Toponyms
• English Professor George Stewart
What Role Does Language Play in
Making Places?
Toponyms and Globalization
• The toponyms we see on a map depend in
large part on who produced the map.
• Some embattled locales have more than one
name at the same time.
• Ex.: Argentineans refer to a small cluster
(archipelago) of islands off the southeast
coast of South America as the Malvinas, but
the British call the same cluster of islands
the Falkland Islands.
.
What Role Does Language Play in
Making Places?
Changing Toponyms
• Postcolonial Toponyms: New governments
renamed several countries and newly independent
countries also changed the names of cities and
towns to reflect their independence.
• Postrevolution Toponyms: Changes in power
through coups and revolutions prompt name
changes.
• Memorial Toponyms: People change a
toponym to memorialize an important person or
event.
The Geography of Language
Study Guide Review
Human Geography 10e
Classification of Religion
• Impact on Culture
• Classification of Religion
– Monotheism and Polytheism
• Classification based on religion’s
distribution and patterns and
processes of diffusion:
– Universalizing Religions
– Ethnic Religions
– Tribal or Traditional Religions
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Patterns and Flows
• The World Pattern
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Patterns and Flows
• Diffusion
Insert figure 5.20
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The Principal Religions
• Judaism
• Christianity
– Regions and landscapes of Christianity
• Islam
• Hinduism
• Buddhism
• East Asian Ethnic Religions
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Judaism
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Ethnic religion
Middle East origins
Diaspora
Two separate branches
of Judaism developed
in Europe during the
Middle Ages:
– Sephardim (Iberian
Peninsula)
– Ashkenazim (Eastern
Europe)
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• Zionism
– The belief in the
need to create an
autonomous
Jewish state in
Palestine
Christianity
• Universalizing
• Middle East origins
• Diffusion
– Expansion
– Hierarchical
• From provincial capitals
to smaller settlements
– Contagious
– Relocation
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© Corbis RF
• European Imperialism
• Schism
– Divided Medieval
Christendom into Eastern
(Greek) and Western
(Roman) branches
• Protestant Reformation
• Landscapes of Christianity
Islam
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Universalizing
Middle East origin
Holy book: Koran
Five pillars
Diffusion
Sunni & Shi’ite
Sects
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• Five Pillars
– Profession of faith
– Prayers
– Giving of alms
– Fasting during the
holy month of
Ramadan
– Pilgrimage to the
holy city of Mecca
Islam
© Photodisc/Getty RF
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Hinduism
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World’s oldest major religion
Ethnic religion
South Asia origins
Diffusion
Caste
Reincarnation
Karma
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Buddhism
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Universalizing
South Asia Origins
Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha
Sects
– Theravada
– Mahayana
– Vajrayana
• Diffusion
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