Transcript Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?

Chapter 6 Lecture
The Cultural Landscape
Eleventh Edition
Religions
Matthew Cartlidge
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issues
• Where are religions distributed?
• Why do religions have different
distributions?
• Why do religions organize space and
distinctive patterns?
• Why do territorial conflicts arise among
religious groups?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes
Bell Ringer: January 13, 2016
1. Review your notes notes for the quiz.
Outcomes:
•6.3.1: Compare the role of places of worship and various religions.
•6.3.2: Explain why places are sacred in universalizing religions.
•6.3.3: Analyze the importance of the physical geography in ethnic religions.
•6.3.4: Describe ways in which the landscape is used in religiously significant ways.
•6.3.5: Compare the calendars and holidays of ethnic and universalizing religions.
•6.3.6: Compare the administrative organization of hierarchical and locally autonomous
religions.
•6.4.1: Understand reasons for religious conflicts arising from government policies.
•6.4.2: Summarize reasons for conflicts between religions.
•6.4.3: Analyze reasons for religious conflicts in the Middle East.
•6.4.4: Describe differences in geographic frameworks in the Middle East.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes
After the quiz…
1. Turn in your quiz and scantron to me.
2. Chapter 6 Key Issues 1,2,3,4 Pause and Reflect Questions --- Answer in complete sentences
3. These answers will be turned in before the test on Friday, along with your key terms cards.
4. YOU MUST WORK ON THIS TODAY!
5. You may not work together since it will be graded…
6. When everyone is done with the quiz, you will get the last bit of notes you need for Key Issue 4,
which will be included on the test this Friday.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1: Where Are Religions Distributed?
Geographers distinguish two types of religions:
1. Universalizing religions- attempt to be global by
appealing to all people regardless of location or
culture.
– 58 percent of world’s population practices a universalizing
religion.
» Christianity: 2.1 billion Christians
» Islam: 1.5 billion Muslims
» Buddhism: 376 million Buddhists
2. Ethnic religions- appeal primarily to one group of
people living in one place.
– 26 percent of world’s population practices an ethnic religion.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1: Where Are Religions Distributed?
• Branches of Universalizing Religions
• A branch is a large and fundamental division within a religion. Example:
Protestant – branch of Christianity
• A denomination is a division of a branch that unites a number of local
congregations in a single legal and administrative body. Example:
Baptist- denomination of Protestant branch
• A sect is a relatively small group that has broken away from an
established branch/denomination. Example: Latter-Day Saints separate
themselves from other Christian branches
3. Atheism- God doesn’t exist
4. Agnostic- Nothing can be proven about God’s existence
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1:Where Are Religions Distributed?
• Branches of Christianity in Europe
5. Three major branches include…
a) Roman Catholic – 51% of world’s Christians; dominant in
SW and Eastern Europe
b) Protestant - 24 % of world’s Christians; dominant NW
Europe
c) Orthodox -11% of world’s Christians; dominant Eastern
and SE Europe
6. Eastern Orthodox: 14 self-governing churches; Russian
Orthodox 40% of members
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1: Where Are Religions Distributed?
• Christianity in the Western Hemisphere
7. 93% of Christians in Latin America are Roman Catholic.
– 40% in North America
– Protestant - 82 million members in the United States.
– Baptist church has largest number of members at 37 million
8. 28% of North Americans are Protestant
- Baptist, Methodists, Lutheran, Presbyterian, Episcopal
9. Methodists- central and NE U.S.
Mennonite- Kansas/central U.S.
Lutheran – northern central U.S.
Latter-day Saints- mid-Western U.S.
Baptists – southern/SE U.S.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1: Where Are Religions Distributed?
• Islam
10. ½ of world’s Muslims live in Middle East; other ½ live in:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Indonesia
Pakistan
Bangladesh
India
11. Sunni
» Largest branch in most Muslim countries in Southwest
Asia and North Africa; 83% of all Muslims
Shiite
» Greatly concentrated in the Middle Eastern countries of
Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Oman, and Bahrain; 16% of all
Muslims
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Religions Distributed?
13. Branches of Buddhism
• Three major branches:
Mahayana
56 percent of Buddhists
Located primarily in China, Japan, and Korea
Theravada
38 percent of Buddhists
Located primarily in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
and Thailand
Vajrayana
6 percent of Buddhists
Located primarily in Tibet and Mongolia.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Religions Distributed?
14. Buddhists are difficult to count because
 only a few people participate in Buddhist institutions; monks primarily
practice the religious functions rather than the general public
 also, someone can be both a Buddhist (universal religion) and believe
in an ethnic religion
---Ethnic religions:
 Often remain within the culture where they originated.
 Typically have relatively more clustered distributions than do
universalizing religions.
 Ethnic religion with largest number of followers is Hinduism.
– Nearly all concentrated in India and Nepal
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Religions Distributed?
15-16. Hindus are concentrated mostly in
 India 90%, Nepal 3% and Bangladesh 2% (other 5% are randomly distributed)
17. A combination of Buddhism (a universalizing religion) with Confucianism,
Taoism, and other traditional Chinese practices is practiced in East Asia and
Southeast Asia.
 syncretism - blending or combining of several traditions
a) Confucianism- during the 5th-6th centuries Chinese philosopher, Confucius,
created rules and principles for rulers and people to abide by daily
b) Taoism- during the 6th-7th centuries Lao Zi wrote on the mystical aspects of life,
which people in China also followed
 These two philosophies were often followed simultaneously. Similarly to
American believing in Christianity, wisdom of the Greek philosophers, and the
ideals of the Declaration of Independence
c) Primal-Indigenous- Paganism and Shamanism – religions created before
Christianity and Islam, which honored many gods and objects as divine
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Religions Distributed?
d) Animism- an ethnic religion whose followers believe that inanimate objects
or natural events, such as natural disasters, have spirits and conscious life.
• 100 million Africans adhere to animism.
• The percentage of Africans following animism has decline from 70% in
1900 to 12% in 2010
e) Spiritism- belief that the human personality exists after death and can
communicate with the living through mediums/psychics. Most live in Brazil
f) Judaism - First recorded religion to practice monotheism, belief that there is
only one God.
 Contrasts polytheism- the worship of a collection of gods.
 Distribution:
 2/5 live in the United States
 2/5 live in Israel.
 Christianity and Islam find some of their roots in Judaism.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?
 Universalizing religions have precise places of origin, and are often based on events
in the life of an influential man.
 Ethnic religions are not tied to single historical individual; often have unclear or
unknown origins.
1. Buddhism
 Founded: ~2,500 years ago
 Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
 Origin: India
Christianity
 Founded: ~2,000 years ago
 Founding: Based on teachings of Jesus
 Origin: Region located in present-day Palestine
Islam
 Founded: ~1,500 years ago
 Founder: Prophet Muhammad
 Origin: Makkah (Mecca) located in present-day Saudi Arabia
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?
1. Buddhism
 4 noble truths
 Theravada – “the way of the elders” ; belive that Buddhism is a fulltime
occupation (monks); emphasize self help and solitary introspection, as
well as wisdom; oldest branch
 Mahayana – believe they can help more people because it is less
demanding; emphasizes Buddha’s life of teaching and helping others,
as well as compassion
 Vajrayana – emphasize the practice of rituals called Tantras, which are
recorded in texts to follow; smaller branch of Buddhism and last to
develop
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?
Christianity
 Roman Catholics- accept teachings of the Bible, as well as those from
the Pope; believe the Pope is the leader of the universe and the Church
is always right; follow 7 sacraments to receive God’s grace as humans
 Orthodox- (Orthodoxy) accept the 7 sacraments, but reject anything the
Roman Catholic Church added after the 8th century, which is when they
split from the Pope
 Protestant- began with the Reformation movement in 16th century;
Martin Luther posted 95 Theses on the door of a church ; they believe
grace from God and salvation is achieved through individual
communication with God, rather than the sacraments performed by
church leaders
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?
Islam
 Five Pillars of Faith- 5 acts, which are the core of Islamic belief; some
are daily practices and others are for specific days and/or during a
lifetime
 Shiites vs Sunnis – initially disagreed over who should have taken over
after Muhammad’s death; these two branches have been many other
disagreements
2. “Four Noble Truths” – taught by Buddha; core of Buddhism
 All living beings suffer, which leads to reincarnation. The goal of life is to
reach Nirvana, which is the end of reincarnation. The Eightfold Path is
the way to achieve this goal. Ultimately, a Buddhist strives to become
free of their minds and the surrounding world, which cause suffering.
3. The origin of Buddhism is different because it was based on the
“enlightenment” of a man, not a god communicating with man.
4-5. See Chart
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?
6. The beliefs of Aryan tribes from Asia invading India and the Dravidians
already living in India blended to form Hinduism.
7. Diffusion of Christianity:
a) Hierarchical Diffusion: Emperor Constantine helped diffuse the religion
throughout the Roman Empire by embracing Christianity.
b) Relocation Diffusion: Missionaries- individuals who help transmit a religion
through relocation diffusion, initially diffused the religion along protected sea
routes and the excellent Roman roads (migration)
c) Contagious Diffusion: European migration and settlement have caused
widespread diffusion of Christianity to the Americas, Africa, Australia, and
New Zealand
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?
8. Diffusion of Islam:
a) Muhammad’s successors organized followers into armies and led a
conquest to spread the religion over an extensive area of Africa, Asia, &
Europe.
b) Relocation diffusion of missionaries to portions of sub-Saharan Africa and
Southeast Asia transmitted the religion well beyond its hearth.
9. Diffusion of Buddhism:
 Emperor Asoka accredited with much of its diffusion throughout the
Magadhan Empire (273 to 232 B.C.).
a) Missionaries sent to territories neighboring the empire
b) Buddhism introduced to China along trade routes in the first century A.D.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Have Different
Distributions?
 Diffusion of Religions summarized:
 Asia is home to each hearth for Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
 Followers transmitted the messages preached in the hearths to people
elsewhere.
 Each of the three main universalizing religions has a distinct diffusion
pattern.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Have Different
Distributions?
11. Ethnic Religions
• Most have limited, if any, diffusion because of a lack missionaries
• Diffusion to new places is possible, if adherents migrate for
economic gains and are not forced to adopt a strongly entrenched
universalizing religion.
 Judaism’s diffusion is unlike other ethnic religions because it is
practiced well beyond its place of origin.
12. Diaspora- dispersed throughout the world; Jews were forced to disperse
by the Romans and were forced to live amongst people of other
nationalities
13. Other nationalities have historically persecuted Jews living in their midst
because of their retention of Judaism.
14. Many Jews relocating to European countries were forced to live in city
neighborhoods set up by law to only be inhabited by them – ghettos; this
term originated in Italy to reference where the Jews lived surrounded by
walls and locked in at night; in the 1930s many were transported from the
ghettos in Europe to the concentration camps during WW2.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1-2 Quiz Review Questions
1) Compare Confucianism to Taoism(Daoism).
2) What do you think geographers research regarding world religions?
3) Why would a geographers research the practices of a Buddhist, while
studying the world travels of the Dalai Lama?
4) What might an animist believe about rivers and forests?
5) Name the world’s largest universal religion and ethnic religion.
6) The majority of North Americans practice what type of religion?
7) How is this different than those in Latin America?
8) Contrast universal religions and ethnic religions. Name 3 examples of
each.
9) In what part of the world (region or country) is Eastern Orthodoxy most
prominent?
10)Muslims and Christians trace their origin to Abraham. Which other
religion also traces their origin back to him?
11)What might confuse someone regarding Buddhism being considered a
universal religion?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1-2 Quiz Review Questions
1)
Confucianism encourages public service and controlling behavior,
while to Taoism(Daoism) focuses on magical aspects of life.
2) How space/sites/locations connect to religion.
3) To understand the connection between geography and religion.
4) That spirits/voices/emotions are present within them.
5) Universal: Christianity Ethnic: Hinduism
6) Christianity
7) They are Christians, but the majority are specifically Roman Catholic
8) Universalizing: precise places of origin; based on events in the life of an
influential man. Ex: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism ---Ethnic: not tied to
single historical individual; often have unclear or unknown origins. Ex.
Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism
9) Russia/Eastern/Southeastern Europe
10)Judaism
11)Unlike Christianity and Islam, Buddhism is still mainly prevalent in Asia,
where it originated.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Religious structures – often stand out as religious shrines or places where
people assemble for worship.
Church- physically structure made in the image of God; attendance is
considered importance in Christianity
Architectural styles- 3 branches follow different styles based on availability of
resources in different regions
Muslim mosque- space for community assembly, not a sanctified place
Central courtyard, minaret (tower), pulpit facing Makkah (direction of prayer,
muezzin(summons worship from minaret)
Buddhist padoga- where relics of Buddha’s body/clothing are placed
Followers built them in different countries to hold relics in sacred areas
where Buddha was born, reached enlightenment, and passed into Nirvana
Formal worship usually takes place outside a padoga at an adjacent temple,
monastery, or in the home of a Buddhist
A pilgramage is a religious journey
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
10. Holy places:
- Islamic - cities associated with Prophet Muhammad.
– Holiest City is Makkah (Mecca), birthplace of Muhammad.
 Healthy Muslims with adequate financial resources are expected to
go on a pilgrimage, called a hajj, to this city.
– Second-most-holy place is Madinah (Medina).
 Muhammad’s tomb is in Madinah.
- Buddhist – 8 holy places – shrines- based on important events in Buddha’s life.
-
Hindu- closely tied to physical geography of India
 Mt. Kailas is holy because it is home to Siva.
 Holiest places are riverbanks and coastlines.
 Hindus believe that they achieve purification by bathing in holy rivers—e.g.,
Ganges River
11. There is no room for congregational worship in Hindu temples.
12. Hindu temples - Dimly lit room; symbolic artifact of a god; structure/bath for
the caretaker
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
13. Cosmogony: religious beliefs concerning origin of the universe
a.Confucianism and Taoism- yin(earth, darkness, death) and yang(heaven, light,
life) balance the two forces that make up the universe; constant state of change
creates chaos and disorder
b.Christianity and Islam- consider that God created the universe; however,
Christians(Catholics) believe Earth was given to the people to complete its
creation, while Muslim believe that Earth is God’s only and that they are only
representative of Him and are not partners with Him
c.Pagans- use the solstice as a major holiday honoring the Sun (solstice)
14. Solstice- major holidays of some ethnic religions- Winter- Dec 21-22 and
Summer June 21-22 – based on the Sun’s location before reversing direction
during seasons; Stonehenge- remnant of a pagan structure aligned so that sun
rises between two stones on solstices
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
15. Christian burial:
catacombs(underground passages) used to bury when the religion was illegal
Yards around the church were used until overcrowding occurred
Cemeteries created outside the city walls
16. Ethnic burials
a.Hindu- cremation after washing body in Ganges river
b.Parsis- exposed the dead to birds and animals
c.Micronesia- disposal at sea
17. Religious settlements:
a.Utopian- ideal community built around a religious way of life
b.Salt Lake City, Utah- built by Mormons based on a plan by prophet Joseph
Smith
c.Puritans- English settlers in North America in clustered settlements with a
church at its center- this was different than most settlers of the time
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
18. Religious Calendars:
 Ethnic – based on physical geography of homeland- celebration of seasons,
which helped farmers
 Universalizing- related to events in life of the founder rather than changing
seasons--Ramadan (Islam): part of five pillars of faith; Easter (Christian):
resurrection of Jesus
19. Jewish Calendar- major holiday based on events in the agricultural calendar
of homeland of Israel
20. Lunar calendar of Muslims and Jews: Jewish calendar inserts an extra
month every few years to match the agricultural and solar calendars; Islam
retains a strict 30 years cycle of 19 years of 354 and 11 years of 355
21. Easter- celebrated on the first full moon after spring equinox
22. Southern Europe celebrates Easter in the fall at harvest time; Northern
Europe and North America celebrate in spring
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
23. Japanese Buddhists celebrate Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death on 3 separate
days; Theravadists observe all 3 events on the same day
24. Hierarchical religion: geographic territory is organized into local administrative units
25. Roman Catholic hierarchy:
a. Pope – diocese of Rome
b. Archbishops- report to the Pope; head a province of several dioceses, while being the
bishop of one diocese; some may be promoted to a cardinal
c. Bishop- report to Archbishop; heads a diocese, which is a geographical area of many
churches
d. Priests- report to bishops; heads a parish, which is part of a diocese
26. Latin American parishes are larger in areas because of a low population density
27. Autonomous religion: self-sufficient, or small amount of communication with other
communities Ex: Islam and some Protestant denominations
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
28. Formal organization in Islam- no religious hierarchy or geographical organization;
locally governments in Islamic countries work with those who manage Islamic institutions
29. Islam is held together by communication and migration (hajj), as well as the doctrines
which include strict demands on followers
30. Autonomous
 Baptists and United Church of Christ ; Presbyterian is mildly autonomous; Judaism
and Hinduism
Hierarchical
 Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Methodist
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
1. Taliban in Afghanistan:
 Taliban – means “religious students” took control of Afghanistan in 1996.
 They believed that Allah had called them to purify the country by getting rid of sin and
violence.
 Western non-Islamic activities were banned – music, kites, tv, and internet
 Soccer stadiums converted to execution and torture centers
 Men beaten for shaving and women stoned to death for adultery
 Homosexuals were buried alive; thieves had hands cut off; women with nail polish had
fingers cut off
2. Hinduism vs. Western ideas:
 Their caste system involves neglecting the health, safety, finances, and education
because they are considered “untouchables”
3. British leaders and Christian missionaries
4. The Indian government created a plan to allow untouchables more access to
universities. Many do not support this plan.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
5. Russia/Soviet Union vs. Eastern Orthodox Church
 Czar Peter the Great – Made Russian Orthodox church part of the government and
replaced the church’s leader with government officials
 Communism: Karl Marx introduced – Marxism, which was an anti-religious program,
which claimed religion was a threat to society; the Orthodox church was only able to
maintain elderly members because most ended contact with the church
6. Since the fall of Communism in the 1990s…
 Historic Catholic Regions – Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia are currently reviving Roman
Catholicism
 Historic Muslim Regions- Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan are newly independent
and struggle to rewrite laws that conform to Islamic customs
7. Vietnam War’s impact on Buddhism in SE Asia: U.S. air raids destroyed shrines and the
Vietnamese vandalized sacred artifacts; Buddhists burned themselves in protest
8. Communism’s impact on Buddhism in SE Asia: current governments discourage
religion and allow monuments to decay
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
9. Fundamentalism- literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a
religion
10-11. Roman Catholics and Protestants are in conflict in Ireland
 Roman Catholics live in the Republic of Ireland, which is in the southern and largest
part of the island; Protestants live in Northern Ireland, which is part of the United
Kingdom. Catholics living in the northern region are discriminated against. The two
sides are in disagreement on joining the U.K. as opposed to being independent
12. Jews, Christians, and Muslims have fought nearly 2,000 years to control the same
small strip of Land in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Judaism: special claim to the territory it calls the Promised Land where major events in the
development in the religion occurred.
Islam: Muslim army conquered this land in seventh century A.D. Jerusalem is the third
holiest city to Muslims, because it is believed to be where Muhammad ascended into
heaven.
Christianity: considers it the Holy Land and Jerusalem the Holy City, because the major
events in Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection occurred there.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
14. Palestinian Perspective:
 Palestinians can be found in Israel, the West Bank, Gaza, East Jerusalem, Jordan,
Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia
 Two divisions of Palestinians
a. Fatah- willing to accept Israel if they are returned the land taken from them in the 1967
Six Day War
b. Hamas- not willing to accept the existence of Israel and want all land from the
Mediterranean to Jordan; considered terrorists by U.S. and Europe
14. Israeli Perspective:





Majority Jewish
Surrounded by hostile Muslim Arabs and vulnerable to attacks
1948-1949 – Israel is considered independent, but Palestinians continue to attack
1967 – Six Day War – Israel captures Golan Heights (Syrian border) and the West Bank (western
bank of the Jordan River) to stop Palestinian attacks
Israel has allowed a limited Palestinian government in the West Bank and Gaza because the
majority are Palestinians, but they still claim the land and protect any Israelis living in these areas
(since 1967) with military guards.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
15. Judaism’s Jerusalem:
 The First Temple built by King Solomon was built and destroyed here
 The Second Temple was built and partly destroyed
 The Western Wall of the temple remained as Christians and Muslims fought over the
land; Jews were allowed to visit the wall once a year, so it became known as the
Wailing Wall
 In 1967 Israel captures Jerusalem and made the wall a daily prayer site
15. Islam’s Jerusalem:
 The Dome of the Rock was built here, which is where Muslims believe Muhammad’s
ascension and Abraham’s sacrifice of his son took place
 A mosque was built on top of the ruins of the Jewish Second Temple right above the
Western Wall (the land is higher on the other side of the wall).
 Muslim are allowed to visit this area under military supervision, since it is considered a
sacred area but still belongs to Israel
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
Final Jerusalem notes:

Jerusalem (also known as the Old City) is divided into 4 quarters including
the Armenian, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish quarters.

The ultimate obstacle to peace in the Middle East is Jerusalem.

As long as one religious group controls the area, the fighting will continue.

Neither Israelis nor Palestinians intend to give up.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
13. The Christians fought the Muslims in holy wars called, Crusades for 150 years (10991244). Jerusalem was captured, lost, captured, and in the end lost.
Quiz Review Questions:
1. Name the 3 branches of Christianity.
2. Name the 3 largest universal religions and 3 ethnic religions.
3. How is a mosque different from a church?
4. What is the purpose of a padoga?
5. Give an example of a pilgramage.
6. What is cosmogony and how have religions incorporated this idea? Give 2 examples.
7. Describe the burial practices of 2-3 religions.
8. What is a Utopian Settlement? Explain one.
9. Contrast an ethinc religion’s calendar to a universal religion’s calendar.
10. List the Roman Catholic hierarchy leaders.
11. What is the difference between an autonomous religion and a hierarchical religion?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
• The world has three large universalizing
religions—Christianity, Islam, and
Buddhism—each of which is divided into
branches and denominations.
• A universalizing religion has a known
origin and clear patterns of diffusion,
whereas ethnic religions typically have
unknown origins and little diffusion.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
• Holy places and holidays in a
universalizing religion are related to the
events in the life of its founder or prophet.
They are related to the local physical
geography in an ethnic religion.
• With the Earth’s surface dominated by four
large religions, expansion of the territory
occupied by one religion may reduce the
territory of another.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.