Transcript Religions

Religion
(With such good moral systems,
why can’t we get along?)
Religious Sites
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Google Earth
(Mecca)
(Heian Shrine)
(Temple of the Rock/Wailing Wall)
(Carvings visible from space)
(Vatican City)
Buddha at Kamakura)
(Mission at Santa Clara)
Religion: The Big Picture
• Types: Globalizing, Ethnic
• Expansion: War, migration, trade, interaction
Key Issues:
• Distribution: Universalizing, Ethnic
• Distribution Patterns: origins, diffusion, sites
• Patterns: Worship, Sacred places, admin.
• Why conflicts among religious groups?
– Religion vs government  both ways! 
– Religion vs. religion  both ways! 
Distribution: Universalizing, Ethnic
• Definition: (Absent in the text as a key word) belief
system common to a group of people, often including
a common cosmology, a deity or deities, rituals, and
common artifacts of importance, including holy sites
and places of worship.
• (Like culture: group beliefs, activities, artifacts)
• Universalizing Religion: (p.187)
• Ethnic Religion: (p.187)
Religious Maps
• Dominant World Religions: map, p. 188
• Basic patterns:
– Cultural dominance
• Can be the major aspect of cultures or sub-cultures
– War
• Major cause of war, sometimes also a tool of war)
– Colonization (with or without war)
• Often a tool of subjugation in the past, changing cultural norms
– Missionaries (interaction)
• Interplay of old and new concepts, both religious and secular
– Migration
• (You take your religion with you.)
Universalizing religions:
Attempt to be global, appeal to all people, (~60% of world)
Religion Gods
Adherents
Branches
Root:
Hearth
Begin:
8-4 BC
to
30 AD
Christianity
Monotheism
~2
Billion
Catholic
Protestant
Orthodox, &
Judaism
Middle
East
Islam
Monotheism
~ 1.3
Billion
Sunni
Shiite
Judaism
Mecca
(Makkah)
Buddhism
Polytheism?
(manifestations)
~ 365
Million
Mahayana
Theraveda
Tantrayana
Hindu
religious
beliefs
Northern
India,
Nepal
~ 563 BC
Sikhism
Monotheism
~ 24
Million
Unspe
-cified
Lahore,
Pakistan,
~ 1500 AD
Bahai
Monotheism?
~7
Million
Islam
Shiraz,
Iran
1844 AD
~7
Million
Christianity
U.S.
Mormon Monotheism
Ethnic religions
Appeal to one group of people (originally) living in one place, (~25%)
Religion
Gods
Adher
-ents
Hinduism
Diverse
~820
Million
Confucianism
n/a
See li
Daoism
Judaism
One
Shinto
Many
Source
Hearth
Start
India
Nations
India,
Nepal
Confucious
China
604 531 BC
China, Japan,
Korea, S.E. Asia
Lao Tze
(Lao Tsu)
China
604 531 BC
China
Middle
East
Unknown
Israel
Japan
Unknown
Japan
~10
Million
Un-known
Religious Branches:
• Christianity
– Branches:
• Roman Catholic
• Eastern Orthodox
• Coptic
• Protestant
• Ethiopian
• Armenian
•Islam
- Branches
•Sunni (orthodox)
•Shiite (sectarian)
Branch: large and fundamental division within a religion
Branches form… Why?
• Difference of opinion on doctrine
– Irreconcilable
– Often leads to conflict
• Control of power
– Religious power as a tool of the state
• Conflict of desire
– (King wants to divorce)
Religious Denominations
• (Within the) Protestant Branch of Christianity:
– Denominations
• Baptist
• Methodist
• Pentecostal
• Lutheran
• Anglican (Church of England)
• Calvinist (Switzerland)
Denomination: division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations
in a single legal and administrative body. (don’t test the definition.)
Sects: Subset of Denominations
• Religion
– Branch
• Denomination
– Sect
• Relatively small branch that has broken away from an established
denomination
• Example
– Branch Davidians (Waco TX)
– (Splinter group suppressed by the Pope in EU)
• When is a Sect a Cult? When is it just a splinter group?
• How does it become a denomination, branch, or religion?
Religious Maps: E.U. and U.S.
• Zoom in: Europe, map, p. 190
• United States, map, p. 191
• Lutherans in Germany and Scandinavia
• Lutherans in Minnesota
– Why?
– Diffusion pattern?
No religion:
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~15% of world adheres to no religion.
(Still have cultural norms)
(Still have personal moral systems)
(This system varies)
Religions: Tenets
Christianity Old and New Testament (Bible)
10 Commandments: One God
Monotheism
Islam
There is no true God but Allah, Mohammed is His prophet. Koran,
Pray 5/day, charity Ramadanfast Make a pilgrimage to Mecca.
Monotheism
Buddhism
4 Noble Truths: Life is suffering, caused by desire, eightfold path:
rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort,
purification, and meditation.
Polytheism
Hinduism
Allegiance to a particular God or concept. Responsible for actions,
& you alone bear the consequences.
Polytheism
Confucian
Behave correctly (with propriety): Follow traditions, fulfill
obligations, treat with sympathy and respect.
Philosophy
Taoism
Mysticism
Shinto
Prayer and ritual, reverence, and pilgrimages
Polytheism
Ethnic
Animism animation of rocks, plants, natural events
Polytheism
Judaism
Torah, 10 commandments, (similar to Christian Old Testament)
Monotheism
All good basic foundations, guiding various cultural norms…
Good Tenets, good beliefs,
so…
Why can’t we just get along?
• Some do, some don’t.
Multi-religious People: Japan
Adherents
Percent
Shinto
90 %
Buddhist
75 %
Christian
?
• Saying: Born Shinto, Married Catholic, Buried Buddhist
• (Get along now. Persecution before)
Religious Conflicts: India
– Caste system:
• Keeps the lower castes ‘in their place.’
• (You are almost always better than someone else.)
• (If you are at the bottom, you are definitely a minority.)
– British system:
• Not recognizing castes
• All Indians are equal, (and less than whites).
• Assault on hierarchy, culture, and religion. (OOPS!
Conflict of cultural norms, power shift)
– Uprising, suppressed.
Persecution of Religions
Persecuted
Persecutor
Cause
Result
Judaism
Assyrians
War
War, lost, Exile to
Assyria (721 BC)
Judaism
Romans
Revolt
Bahai
Moslems (Islam) Schism
Uprising, lost, Diaspora
(exile) 70 AD +Persecution, Death, exile
• Historical conflicts help explain diasporas.
– (later: holocaust, etc.)
• History tends to repeat, with spatial variations.
War Between Cultures: Israel/Palestine
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Jews were kicked out by the Romans
Muslim, Ottoman, British (L.O.N. mandate) rule
Jews experienced the Holocaust (WW II).
Many survivors & escapees went to Palestine
Departure, United Nations partition of
War, War, War, War (1949,56,67,73)
Jewish Settlements (West Bank, Gaza)
Uprising (the Intefada)
Two States, territorial claim overlap.
Change parties  Change their stance on legitimacy of
THEM (Both countries do this.)
• (What is next?)
Ireland?
• Which religious branches?
– Note: same religion…
• What started it?
– Historical: war.
– Recent: strife between ethnicities
• Purely Religious?
– Mixture of ethnicity and religion
• Resolved?
– Possibly…
– Watch the news.
• (No news may be good news.)
Persecution By Religions
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Pagans (countryside religions)
Witches (healers, priests, wealthy, hated, &)
Heretics (disagreement, misunderstanding)
Jews (openly practicing and crypto-Jews)
Saracens (“the enemy”)
Convert or die.
– Inquisition
– Crusades
• Ancient history. (We are over it, right?)
Fundamentalism
• Literal interpretation and strict and intense
adherence to basic principles (e.g. scriptures) of a
religion (branch, denomination, or sect).
• Examples:
– Some born-again Christian Groups
– Fundamentalist Islam
• Al-Quaeda, Taliban
– Others? (Likely)
Religious Conflicts: Taliban
• Values conflicts (Religion + traditional cultural norms)
– Taliban vs. Western Values
• Globalization effects  Afghanistan, undesired.
• Return to strict adherence to religious laws:
• Sharia:
– Religious code based on teachings of the Prophet
Mohammed
– Interpretations of the Word of God
– Vigorously enforced
– (Revisit the definition of Fundamentalism.)
Mutual Religious Antagonism:
(Religion vs. Religion: a few examples)
Religion 1 Religion 2 Religion 3
Roman
Catholic
Islam
Roman
Catholic
Ortho
-dox
Catholic
Place
Time
Outcomes
Middle Historical
East
Wars in Mid-East, Europe,
Crusades, occupations,
Sack Constantinople,
Pillage Jerusalem, etc.
Protestant
Europe Historical
Protestant Reformation,
Wars in Europe
Roman
Catholic
Protestant
Ireland Historical
present
Invasion, war, partition,
continued violence (over now?)
Roman
Catholic
Orthodox
Yugo
-slavia
Dislocation, genocide,
partition, U.N. peacekeeping,
More voting to separate, …
Islam
Historical
present
(Ex: The Troubles in N. Ireland are both religion vs. religion and religion vs. state.)
(Are there other examples? Ask students)
Universalizing Religions and Folk Culture
• Animism: approximately ½ of Africa in 1980? (Find citation.)
– Folk Culture, traditions, religion
• Conversions: Globalizing Religions
– North Africa: Islam
– South and Central Africa: Christianity
• Future?
– Most likely, many ethnic religions will be lost.
– This is a good thing, according to the new religions.
• (Unless they convert to the “wrong” religion.)
– Cultures also change.
Pilgrimage
• Key part of many religions
– Universalizing
• Go to the sites of the major Prophet or God.
– Mecca (Mohammed)
– Jerusalem (Jesus)
– 8 sites in India/Nepal (Buddha)
• Secondary sites:
– Rome (Hereditary line)
– Shiite shrine that was just blown up (Hereditary line)
– Ethnic
• Dispersed
– Shinto: Japan: Shrines are all over the place
– Hindu: India: (Map) All over the country.
Landscape: Sites and Structures
• Religious sites: (Geographical context, placement, interaction, economy, &)
– Pilgrimage (norms, economics, circulation,
– Variation (universalizing: sites of the founder, ethnic: widespread)
– Fight to control
• Destroy the “enemy’s” sites
• Usurp the “enemy’s” sites
• ‘This is our sacred rock’ (Second Temple, Dome of the Rock, Church)
• Haga Sophia (Christianity vs. Islam, historic change)
• Historically commonplace across cultures.
– Multiple reasons.
Landscape: Sites and Structures
• Religious structures
– Places of Prayer (churches, mosques, synagogues, etc.)
– Holy Places (often, pilgrimage destinations)
– Religious Retreat (monasteries, abbeys, etc.)
– Religious Education (K-12, priests, etc.)
– Religious Administration (ex: Vatican City)
– House landscapes (personal shrines)
Key points:
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People care deeply.
Some universalizing, some ethnic
Important in self-identity
Reflected in organization of landscapes
Migrants take their religion with them.
– (repeating concept.)
• Diffusion: War, migration, trade, interaction
• War: violent fundamental disagreements on who
and what is right, just, fair, and good.
Religion: The Big Picture (Recap)
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Types: Globalizing, Ethnic
Expansion: War, migration, trade, interaction
Key Issues: Range, change, and conflict
Distribution: Universalizing, Ethnic
Distribution Patterns: origins, diffusion, sites
Patterns: Worship, Sacred places, admin.
Why conflicts among religious groups?
– Religion vs government
– Religion vs. religion