Transcript Answer(s)

Hebrew and Judaism
Chapter 2 Section 3
Pages 45-49
The Hebrews and Judaism
Main Idea
The ancient Hebrews and their religion, Judaism, have
been a major influence on Western civilization.
Reading Focus
• What are the major events in the history of the early
Hebrews?
• How did the Kingdom of Israel develop and who were
some of its key leaders?
• What are the basic teachings and sacred texts of
Judaism?
The Early Hebrews
The Hebrews were the ancestors of the Jews, and most of
what we know, including the laws and requirements of
their religion, Judaism, comes from their later writings.
Hebrew Fathers
• The Torah
• Abraham, father of
the Hebrews
• God’s covenant
• 12 Tribes of Israel
• Abraham, Isaac,
and Jacob were
patriarchs
• Israelites in Egypt
Moses and Exodus
• Slaves in Egypt
Promised Land
• Moses
• Israelites in
desert
• Pharaoh, plagues
• Canaan
• Exodus
• Land of “milk
and honey”
–Israelites out
of Egypt
–Passover
• The Ten
Commandments
• Israelites
battled for
land
• Canaan =
Israel
Why is the land of Milk and Honey considered
attractive to Israelites?
Sequencing
What are some key events, in order, in early
Israelite history?
Answer(s): Abraham traveled to Canaan, 1800 BC; Moses
appeared among Hebrews in Egypt, 1200s BC; the Exodus;
delivery of Ten Commandments to Moses; Hebrews wander
desert for 40 years; invasion of Philistines to Israel, mid1000s BC; Saul named first king of Israel, mid-1000s BC;
David named second king of Israel, 1000 BC; Solomon
named third king of Israel, 865 BC
The Kingdom of Israel
The Period of the Judges
•
•
•
•
Scattered communities
No central government
Judges enforce laws
Prophets keep Israelites focused on faith
Division and Conquest
Saul, David, Solomon
• Israelites united against
Philistines
• Saul, first Israelite king
• Never won full support
• David, second king
• Strong king, gifted poet
• Solomon, David’s son
• Israel reached height of wealth
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Conflict after Solomon’s death
Who would be come king
Two kingdoms, Israel and Judah
722 BC, Israel fell to Assyrians
586 BC, Judah fell to Chaldeans
Chaldeans enslaved Jews
Diaspora = scattering of Jews
Persians conquered Chaldeans
King Solomon's Temple
Find the Main Idea
Why are Saul, David and Solomon
significant?
Answer(s): They were the first kings of Israel;
they unified the Israelites under the Kingdom of
Israel.
The Teachings of Judaism
Religion the foundation of Hebrew and Jewish societies
• Belief in One God
– Monotheism
• Justice and Righteousness
– Kindness, fairness, code of ethics
• Obedience to the Law
– Ten Commandments, Mosaic Law
• Jewish Sacred Texts
– Torah, Talmud
Identify Supporting Details
What are the central beliefs of Judaism?
Answer(s): belief in one god; obedience to the
Ten Commandments; justice and righteousness
GROG 2-3 (5 Points)
Sequence Using your notes, fill in the graphic
organizer by listing and describing each key
event in the history of the Hebrews from
Abraham's migration to Canaan to the
Babylonian Captivity.
Hinduism
Chapter 4 Section 2
Pages 98-102
Bell Ringer 4-2 (5 Points)
• Exposition Write a short newspaper article
covering one of the following major events
in Hebrew and Jewish history: the Exodus,
the division of Israel into two kingdoms,
the Babylonian Captivity, or the return of
Jews to Jerusalem from Babylon. You
should write the article from the point of
view of an objective reporter who lived in
the ancient world. Your article should be
clear and address the questions of who,
what, where, when, and how
Crash Course
• Buddha and Ashoka: Crash Course World
History #6 - YouTube
Hinduism
Main Idea
The religion of Hinduism developed and evolved over a
long time in India, giving rise to a variety of beliefs and
practices and to other religions, including Jainism.
Reading Focus
• What basic teachings do most Hindus share?
• What are the sacred texts and religious practices of Hinduism?
• What are the teachings of Jainism?
Basic Teachings of Hinduism
One of the world’s oldest religions, Hinduism, is practiced by most
people in India today. Hinduism evolved over thousands of years
and was influenced by the cultures and traditions of many peoples.
However a few fundamental teachings are shared by nearly all
Hindus. Founded by ?? Time/evolution
Brahman
• Among most basic tenets of
Hinduism, belief in Brahman,
eternal being that created,
preserves world
• Brahman all-encompassing
• Many believe human mind
incapable of understanding
Atman
• Hindus believe each person has
atman, soul, aspect of Brahman
• Atman shapes personality,
cannot be destroyed, even by
death
• Devas, manifestations of
Brahman, active in world,
helping maintain order in nature
Three devas- Brahma, Vishnu, Siva -are particularly influential.
Some believe in thousands; others worship only one as the true
manifestation of Brahman.
Three Devas
Brahma
Creator
•
Vishnu
Preserver
Siva
Destroyer
Rebirth and Salvation
Pattern of Life
• Hindus believe universe, everyone in it, part of continual pattern of
birth, death, and rebirth
• After death atman reborn in process called reincarnation, or samsara
New Life
• Nature of person’s new life shaped by karma—sum effect of deeds,
actions
• Good karma, reincarnated to better station in life; bad karma, lower
station in life
• Ultimate goal of human existence, moksha, escape from cycle of
rebirth
Dharma
• With moksha, atman leaves world, reunites fully with Brahman
• To achieve moksha is to fulfill one’s dharma—spiritual duties,
obligations
• By fulfilling dharma, one creates good karma, breaks free from rebirth
cycle
Define
What is moksha, and how is it central to
Hindu teachings?
Answer(s): escape from cycle of rebirth, reunion
with Brahman; ultimate goal for Hindus; way to
achieve moksha is to fulfill one's dharma
Sacred Texts and Practices
Much of Hinduism’s evolution stemmed from a number of
sacred writings produced over centuries.
Sacred Texts
• Teachings, practices based
on many texts, most sorted
into one of three categories
– The Vedas
– Later writings inspired
by the Vedas
– Sacred epics
• The Vedas, sacred hymns
of praise, among earliest
sacred texts of Hinduism
The Vedas
• Name means “knowledge”
in Sanskrit
• Hindus consider Vedas to
contain eternal knowledge
not written by humans,
revealed to them by
Brahman
• Parts of Vedas date back
more than 3,000 years
• Considered core of
Hinduism even today
Upanishads
• Sacred texts that built upon the Vedas appeared
• Some, such as Upanishads, also believed to have been
revealed rather than written by people
• Upanishads philosophical reflections on the Vedas, dealing
with nature of world, meaning of life
Ramayana, Mahabharata
• Other sacred texts based on themes in the Vedas, but
composed by sages, including two epic poems, Ramayana
and Mahabharata
• Each tells story, reflects on living according to Vedic teachings
• Included in Mahabharata, most sacred of all Hindu texts, the
Bhagavad Gita, addressing many aspects of Hindu belief,
philosophy
Hindu Religious Practices
Worship
Meditation, Pilgrimages
• Hindu beliefs vary widely,
religious practices vary as
well; worship can take place
anywhere
• To help meditate, Hindus
practice series of integrated
physical, mental exercises
called yoga
• At temples, priests might
recite, read portions of the
Vedas; image of a deva
sometimes carried out of
temple to people
• Yoga teaches people how to
focus bodies, minds to aid
meditation, help attain
moksha
• At home, food, drink, gifts
offered for deva; meditation,
silent reflection
• Hindus also make
pilgrimages to Ganges River
to purify, remove bad karma
Meditation on the Ganges River
Categorize
What types of sacred texts help shape
Hindu beliefs?
Answer(s): Vedas, writings inspired by the Vedas,
sacred epics
Jainism
New Religion
• 500 BC, group of Hindus broke away, founded new religion
called Jainism
• Led by teacher Mahavira, Jains thought most Hindus put too
much emphasis on ritual
Ritual Unnecessary
• Jains thought ritual unnecessary
• People could achieve moksha by giving up worldly things,
carefully controlling actions
Nonviolence
• Central to Jain teaching, idea of ahimsa, nonviolence
• Most Hindus also practiced ahimsa, but not to same extent
• Jains carefully avoid harming living creatures, are usually
vegetarians
Other Traits
• Jains promise to tell only truth
• Avoid stealing
• Strive to eliminate greed, anger, prejudice, gossip from lives
• These things can prevent person from achieving moksha
Lifestyle
• Most devout become
monks, nuns, give up
possessions
• Most Jains not monks, nuns
• Live outdoors, seek
shelter only during rainy
months
• Pledge to uphold principles of
ahimsa, have careers that do not
involve harming of animals
• Cover mouths with
masks, sweep ground to
avoid accidentally killing
insects
• Jainism calls for periodic fasting,
especially during festivals, on
holy days; limiting worldly
possessions
Principles
Jainism
Find the Main Idea
What are the major principles of Jainism?
Answer(s): practice nonviolence; tell the truth; do
not steal; try to eliminate greed, anger, prejudice,
and gossip
GROG 4-2 ( 5 Points)
Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic
organizer by listing teachings that are unique
to Hinduism on the left, listing three teachings
unique to Jainism on the right, and in the
overlapping circle, listing one teaching the two
religions share.
Buddhism
Chapter 4 Section 3
Pages 103-107
Bellringer 4-3 (5 Points)
• Write a short paragraph explaining one of
the major teachings of Hinduism. Your
explanation should define the teaching
and explain its role in Hindu teaching.
Buddhism
Main Idea
Buddhism, which teaches people that they can escape the
suffering of the world through the Buddha’s teachings,
developed in India and spread to other parts of Asia and
the world.
Reading Focus
• How did the early life of the Buddha lead to the beginnings of
Buddhism?
• What are the major teachings of Buddhism?
• What areas were affected by the spread of Buddhism?
Buddhism in America
(1999)
The Life of the Buddha
In addition to Hinduism, another of the world’s major religions
developed in ancient India. That religion was Buddhism.
Early Life
Buddha’s Enlightenment
• Much of what is known about
life of the Buddha from
accounts in Buddhist literature
• Gautama resolved to find
way to overcome age,
sickness, keep people from
suffering
• Gave up possessions, left
palace
• Sought enlightenment,
spiritual understanding for
six years
• Gautama born 500s BC
• Prince of small kingdom in
what is now Nepal
– Led sheltered life
– Unaware of hardship
– Life changed when learned
people got old, sick, died
• Studied with gurus, monks
but decided they could not
teach way to enlightenment
The Life of the Buddha
Gautama was determined to find way to end human
suffering
• Sat under tree, no teachers, no companions, determined
not to arise until he found way
– Stories say he meditated all night
– Resolve tested by violent storms, earthly temptations
– At daybreak, had been transformed, found enlightenment,
became the Buddha, Enlightened One
– Temple built where he meditated, Bodh Gaya, one of
Buddhism’s most sacred places
Explain
How did Siddhartha Gautama become the
Buddha?
Answer(s): meditated under a tree, determined
not to arise until he found solution to human
suffering; was enlightened and transformed
What is the fundamental
cause of all suffering?
Desire!
 Therefore, extinguish the self,
don’t obsess about oneself.
The Teachings of Buddhism
Buddhist Beliefs
• After enlightenment
achieved, Buddha meditated
at Bodh Gaya seven weeks
• Set out to spread to others
what he had learned
• Lessons became basic
teachings of Buddhism
• Among ideas learned in
meditation, central truths,
called Four Noble Truths
Four Noble Truths
• Suffering part of human life
• Suffering from people’s
desires for pleasure, material
goods
• Overcoming desires during
life eventually brings end to
suffering
• Desires can be overcome by
following Eightfold Path
Four Noble Truths
1. There is suffering in the
world. To live is to
suffer. (Dukkha)
 The Buddha found this
out when he was young
and experienced
suffering and death in
others.
Four Noble Truths
2. The cause of
suffering is selfcentered desire and
attachments. (Tanha)
Four Noble Truths
3. The solution is to
eliminate desire and
attachments.
(Nirvana = “extinction”)
Four Noble Truths
4. To reach nirvana, one
must follow the Eightfold
Path.
Eightfold Path
Series of Steps Leading to Enlightenment, Salvation
• Right view, or accepting the reality of the Four Noble Truths
• Right attitude, or striving for moderation in all things
• Right speech, avoiding lies, boasts, and hurtful words
• Right action, or treating others fairly
• Right livelihood, avoiding jobs that could bring harm to others
• Right effort, or constantly trying to improve oneself
• Right mindfulness, or remaining aware of world around one
• Right concentration, or ignoring temptation and discomfort
while meditating
Eightfold Path
Nirvana
 The union with the ultimate
spiritual reality.
 Escape from the cycle of
rebirth.
Nirvana
The Buddha taught that those who followed Eightfold Path
could attain nirvana
• State of perfect peace in which soul freed from suffering
forever
• Those not attaining nirvana reborn to live through cycle of
suffering again
• Basic teachings of Eightfold Path, Middle Way—living in
moderation, avoiding extremes of comfort, discomfort in
search for nirvana
Summarize
What are the fundamental teachings of
Buddhism?
Answer(s): suffering comes from selfish desires;
overcoming desire ends suffering; follow Eightfold
Path to overcome desire
Divisions of Buddhism
After the Buddha’s death, differing opinions arose concerning
the correct teachings and practices of Buddhism. Eventually
three main Buddhist traditions formed—Theravada, Mahayana,
and Tibetan.
Theravada
• “Way of the
Elders”
• Oldest tradition
• Best way to attain
nirvana: be monk,
nun, meditate
• Find one path to
enlightenment;
very much an
individual religion
Mahayana
Tibetan
• Teaches people can
help each other find
enlightenment
• Shares many
Mahayana
teachings
• Not necessary to be
monk, nun
• Also believes
special
techniques can
harness spiritual
energy, lead to
nirvana in single
lifetime
• Bodhisattvas,
enlightened people
not yet passed to
nirvana, help others
Buddhism in the
Subcontinent
The Spread of Buddhism
Unlike Hinduism, which largely remained an Indian religion,
Buddhism spread into other parts of the world. Today, more than
350 million people are Buddhists, most of them concentrated in
Asia. Relatively few people in India are Buddhists today.
Buddhism in India
• Buddhist community in India
grew throughout Buddha’s life
• Followers spread teachings
after Buddha’s death
• Teachings not written down
until first century BC; helped
preserve, spread teachings
throughout India
Ashoka
• 200s BC, Buddhism reached
peak in India during reign of
emperor Ashoka
• Ashoka became Buddhist,
helped spread Buddhism into
all parts of India
Ashoka also encouraged missionaries to carry the Buddha’s
message to lands outside of India.
Buddhism Beyond India
• Ashoka sent missionaries to Sri Lanka, large island off India’s
southern coast, and north to lands along Himalayas, east into
lands of Southeast Asia
• Buddhism took firm hold in kingdoms that eventually became
Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, islands of Indonesia
Traders
• Trade also helped spread Buddhism beyond India
• 200s BC, merchants traveling routes from India to Central Asia
introduced Buddhist teachings
• Traders from Central, Southeast Asia took Buddhist teachings
into China, slowly spreading, blending with native Chinese
philosophies
Religions of South Asia
Leading Asian Religion
Korea and Japan
Change, Development
• From China, Buddhism
eventually diffused into
Korea, Japan
• As Buddhism encountered
other religious traditions
outside India, it changed,
developed
• AD 300s, first introduced to
Korea
• Korean travelers took
religion to Japan 200 years
later
• By this time, Buddhism had
become leading religion in
East, Southeast Asia
• Blending caused smaller
traditions within Theravada,
Mahayana
• Zen, branch of Mahayana,
emphasized self-discipline,
meditation
• Today Buddhism very
diverse
Sequence
How did Buddhism spread through Asia?
Answer(s): through missionary work and trade
GROG 4-2 (5 Points)
Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer
by explaining what each of the teachings in the
left column is and how Buddhists believe each
one will help them attain nirvana.
The Rise of Christianity
Chapter 6 Section 4
Pages 183-187
Bell Ringer 6-4 (5 Points)
Write a short biographical sketch
of the Buddha. In your sketch,
describe his early life, the
changes that occurred when he
was an adult, and his basic
teachings. As you write, be sure
to make the order of events clear
Crash Course
• Christianity from Judaism to Constantine:
Crash Course World History #11 YouTube
The Rise of Christianity
Main Idea
A new religion called Christianity developed within the
Roman Empire and gradually spread throughout the
Roman world.
Reading Focus
• How was Christianity rooted in the teachings of Judaism?
• What were the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth?
• How did Christianity spread throughout the Roman world?
• What was the early Christian Church like?
Christianity and Judaism
Judaism in the Roman World
• Teachings of Jesus of
Nazareth developed into
new religion—Christianity
• Many of teachings rooted in
beliefs, customs of Judaism
• 63 BC, Romans conquered
Judaea, chose new ruler for
region, installed him as king
Roman Compromise
• Jews had to pay tribute to
Romans but unwilling to
abandon religion for
polytheistic religion of
Romans
• Roman leaders allowed
Jews to practice religion as
long as they paid tribute,
maintained civic order
Judaism in the Roman World
Reactions to Roman Rule
• Judaism had different branches, varying ideas on cooperation
with Romans
• Zealots called on fellow Jews to drive Romans from Judaea,
reestablish Kingdom of Israel
Zealots
• Zealots formed pockets of resistance against Romans of
Judaea
• After mass uprising AD 66–70, Romans sacked Jerusalem,
killed thousands of Jews, destroyed Second Temple
Messianic Prophecies
• After revolt in 130s, all Jews banned from Jerusalem
• Not all Jews willing to take up arms; others waited coming of
Messiah— spiritual leader prophesied to restore ancient
kingdom, bring peace to world
Make Generalizations
What were two Jewish reactions to Roman
rule?
Answer(s): refused to give up religion; Zealots
wanted to rise up against Roman rule
Jesus of Nazareth
Against this background, a spiritual leader named Jesus of
Nazareth emerged, teaching people to prepare for God’s
Judgment Day.
Life
• Nearly all knowledge of
Jesus comes from
Gospels—first four books of
New Testament
• New Testament and books
of Hebrew Bible make up
today’s Christian Bible
• Jesus born in Bethlehem,
near Jerusalem
• Learned carpentry, studied
writings of Jewish prophets
Preaching
• Jesus preached message of
renewal and warning
• Gathered group of disciples
• Created excitement by
performing miracles of healing;
defending poor, oppressed
• Instructed people to repent of
sins, seek God’s forgiveness
• Must love God above all, love
others as much as self
Death and Resurrection
Jesus’s popularity, crowds alarmed authorities who feared
political uprisings
•
Jesus arrested, tried, sentenced to death
•
According to New Testament, after crucifixion
– Jesus rose from dead
– Spent 40 days teaching disciples
– Ascended into heaven
•
Followers believed Resurrection, Ascension revealed Jesus
as the Messiah
Summarize
What was the main message of Jesus’s
teaching?
Answer(s): Followers must love God above all
else, and love others as they loved themselves.
The Spread of Christianity
After Jesus’s death, his disciples began teaching that all people
could achieve salvation—the forgiveness of sins and the
promise of everlasting life.
Apostles
Paul of Tarsus
Conversion
• Jesus’s 12
disciples worked
to spread
message
• Paul, originally
known as Saul,
born in Tarsus, in
Asia Minor
• Earliest Christian
missionaries
• Had actively
opposed those
teaching that
Jesus was the
Messiah
• Paul had
conversion on
way to
Damascus,
became Christian
• Apostles
traveled widely,
teaching mostly
in Jewish
communities
• If not for his work,
Christianity might
have remained a
branch of
Judaism
Converting the Gentiles
• Paul believed God sent him to convert non-Jews, or Gentiles
• Paul helped make Christianity broader religion, attracted many
new followers but dispensing with some Jewish customs
• Helped establish Christian churches throughout eastern
Mediterranean
• Paul’s epistles, or letters, to those churches later became part of
the New Testament
Roman Christianity
Paul found some Jewish customs hindered missionary work
among non-Jews, dispensed with those requirements for
Christians
Paul emphasized new doctrines that helped distinguish
Christianity from Judaism
Christianity spread; message of love, eternal life after death
found appealing
By AD 300, some 10 percent of Roman people were Christian
Persecution
Results
• As Christianity spread through Roman world, some local officials feared
Christians conspiring against them; arrested, killed many Christians
• Those killed seen by Christians as martyrs, people who die for their faith
Threat
• Christians persecuted at local level, but large-scale
persecution rare during first two centuries after Jesus’s life
• Large-scale persecution by Romans grew as rulers saw
Christianity as threat
Imperial Approval
• Spread of Christianity hastened by conversion of emperor
Constantine
• AD 313, Constantine made Christianity legal within empire, Edict of
Milan
• By late 300s, polytheism gradually disappeared from empire
Find the Main Idea
What helped spread Christianity through the
Roman world?
Answer(s): Paul of Tarsus and other disciples;
Constantine’s conversion; outlawing of public nonChristian sacrifices by Theodosius
The Early Christian Church
Communities
• Earliest Christian churches
not only spiritual
organizations but close-knit
communities
• Provided all kinds of support
for members
Complex
• Support included burial
services, food, shelter
• Christianity grew;
organization became more
complex
Ceremonies
• Ceremonies developed to
inspire people’s faith, make
them feel closer to Jesus
• During Eucharist, people eat
bread, drink wine in memory
of Jesus’s death,
resurrection
• One ceremony was
Eucharist
• With baptism, people are
admitted to the faith
Deepening Faith
Expansion of the Church
By about 100, priests who were trained in these ceremonies became
prominent within Christianity. The authority of the priests was based
on the authority Jesus gave the Apostles. This spiritual authority
distinguished the priests from the general congregation of the church.
Administrative Structure
• Church expanded,
developed administrative
structure
• Bishop oversaw church
affairs, had authority over
other priests
• 300s, heads of oldest
congregations, patriarchs,
had authority over other
bishops
Peter the Apostle
• Many believed Peter
founded Roman Church, was
first bishop
• Later bishops of Rome,
popes, Peter’s spiritual heirs
• Gospel of Matthew: Jesus
gives Peter keys to kingdom
of heaven
• Therefore future popes
inherit keys
Patriarchs did not recognize the popes’ supremacy claims at first, but
over time popes gained more influence within the Christian Church.
Summarize
How did the Christian Church change as it
grew?
Answer(s): Special ceremonies and rituals
developed; priests became a special class within
Christianity; bishops had authority over priests;
the bishop of Rome became a pope.
GROG 6-4 (5 Points)
Sequence Using your notes, fill
in the interactive graphic
organizer by identifying the
sequence of key events in the
spread of Christianity.
The Origins of Islam
Chapter 9 Section 1
Pages 257-261
Bell Ringer 9-1 (5 Points)
• Write a short description of the
organization of the early Christian church.
Be sure to include key officials in the
church, their main responsibilities, and a
statement about how their roles changed
over time.
Crash Course
• Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars All
Without a Flamewar: Crash Course World
History #13 - YouTube
The Origins of Islam
Main Idea
Muhammad, a merchant whom Muslims believe was the
last prophet, reported that he received messages from
God. The religion he taught—Islam—drew many followers.
Reading Focus
• What was Arabia like at the time of Muhammad’s birth?
• What were Muhammad’s messages, and how were they
received?
• What are some basic ideas of Islam?
The Arabian Peninsula
Arabia was sparsely populated 1,500 years ago. Small
bands of bedouins moved their herds between scattered
oases in the desert.
The Setting
• Farming limited in Arabia
• Commerce lively
– Trade routes converged
at Arabian Peninsula
– Ideas as well as
merchandise exchanged
– Trade-dependent towns
rose near coasts
• Mecca, near Red Sea, most
important of coastal towns
Religious Function
• The Kaaba, cube-shaped
structure, at heart of Mecca
• 500s, already ancient,
considered sacred
• Possible meteorite built into
one wall, “relic from heaven”
• Idols of local gods inside
• Site drew religious pilgrims
• One god considered
supreme: Allah
Muhammad the Messenger
Early Life
Muhammad’s Faith
• Muhammad ibn Abd Allah
born 570
• Parents died, Muhammad
raised by uncle, powerful
clan leader
• Grew up to have successful
career in Mecca as merchant
• Married to older woman at
age 25, fathered seven
children, all but one of whom
died young
• Met followers of Judaism,
Christianity while traveling
on business
• Had always been religious
man, but faiths of others
probably also influenced
Muhammad’s thinking
• Took frequent spiritual
retreats
• Angel appeared to him during
retreat, commanded him to
speak messages from Allah
• Muhammad disturbed by
visitation, unsure of meaning
• After more visits from angel,
Muhammad concluded God
had chosen him to be prophet
The Revelations
Messages
• Among many messages from angel, Muhammad reported Allah one
and only true and all-powerful God
• Other messages, instructions on how to live to please Allah, live in
paradise
Public Preaching
• Muhammad originally told only wife, few friends about experiences
• Began to preach in public after about three years, attracted many
followers
• Some powerful Meccans did not accept teachings
Safety
• Many disliked Muhammad’s criticism of traditional beliefs in many gods
• Only protection of uncle kept him safe
• After uncle’s death Muhammad knew he and followers not safe in
Mecca
Sharing the Revelations
Hegira
• 622, Muhammad moved to Yathrib, came to be called Medina, “the
Prophet’s City”; journey from Mecca to Medina came to be known as
hegira
• Later Muslims marked year of hegira as first year of Islamic calendar
Building Faith
• Muhammad spent decade building community of fellow believers
• Called faith Islam, meaning “achieving peace through submission
to God”
• Followers known as Muslims
Mecca
• People of Mecca who wanted Muhammad stopped did not give up
• Fought several battles with Muhammad, followers, ultimately lost
ground
• 630, Muhammad controlled Mecca, influence unmatched
Sequence
What events led up to Muhammad’s taking
control of Mecca?
Answer(s): Muhammad moved to Medina,
number of followers grew; Meccans fought him
and his followers but lost
Basic Ideas of Islam
• As Muhammad gained political power, revelations continued
• Muhammad could not read, write; recited revelations
• Followers memorized words, some wrote them down
• Writings Muslims believe as direct revelations from God
collected in Qur’an, sacred test of Islam
Qur’an
Five Pillars of Islam
• Muslims read from Qur’an to
hear Allah’s teachings
• Five basic acts of worship central
to Islam, Five Pillars of Islam
• Profession of faith
• Performance of five daily prayers
• Giving of alms to poor, needy
• Fasting during month of Ramadan
• Make pilgrimage to Mecca
• Seek religious experience in
rhythm, beauty of words
• Full meaning known only in
original Arabic language
• Translations not true
representation
Five Pillars of Islam
Profession of Faith- Pillar 1
Five Daily Prayers
• “There is no god but God…”
• Worshippers say daily
prayers five times during day
• By affirmation, Muslim
signals acceptance of the
faith
• Denies existence of other
gods, accepts Muhammad
as prophet
Giving Alms to Poor, Needy
• Muslims supposed to give
percentage of income to
charity
• Even those with little
encouraged to help others
• Always face Mecca to pray,
no matter where they are
Fasting During RamadanPillar 4
• Muslims required to go
without food, drink, dawn to
dusk
• Ramadan when Muhammad
began to report messages
written down in Qur’an
Mecca
Pilgrimage to Mecca
• Muslims physically, financially able required to go to
Mecca
• Journey called the hajj
– Gather to pray in mosque
– Perform various rituals, walk seven times around
Kaaba
– Climb Mount Arafat, site of Muhammad’s last sermon
Guidelines for Behavior
• Qur’an provides guidelines for moral behavior
• Muslims may not eat pork, drink alcohol, must wash
before praying
• Qur’an prohibits murder, lying, stealing
• Requires jihad, to defend Muslim community, also means
“holy war”
Sunna and Sharia
• Record of Muhammad’s behavior, teachings known as
Sunna, “tradition,” provides guidance in personal
relationships, business
• Muslim legal system known as Sharia, reflects various
rules by which Muslims should live, outlines method of
reasoning, argument for legal cases, made up of
opinions, writings over several centuries
People of the Book
• Islam monotheistic like Jewish, Christian faiths
• Islamic beliefs:
– Allah the same as God in Jewish, Christian traditions
– Abraham, Moses, Jesus messengers from God
– Muhammad, last of God’s prophets
– Qur’an represents God’s final message
– Muslims told to respect Jews, Christians as “people
of the book;” share tradition of prophets who taught,
received God’s revelations
Summarize
What are the acts of worship required of all
Muslims?
Answer(s): The Five Pillars of Islam—profession
of faith, five daily prayers, giving of alms, fasting
during Ramadan, and the hajj
GROG 9-1 (5 Points)
Sequence Using your notes, fill in the
interactive graphic organizer by listing events,
in order, that led to the origins of Islam.