Transcript UDC/DDC harmonization project

UDC/DDC harmonization
project
Religion
Ia McIlwaine
Chair, UDC Consortium
UDC/DDC
Why Religion?
In 2000 UDC published totally new scheme
 Attempts universal approach
No Christian predominance
Historical reflection of development
DDC pronounced Christian bias,
accompanied by a range of options to
overcome this
Is looking for simplification and
modernization
UDC/DDC
Nature of UDC
Main Table plus
Range of auxiliaries
Common forms, Time, Place,
Language, Race, Persons
Also
Common Properties, Activities,
Materials
UDC/DDC
Examples of recurring concepts
-026.613
-027.13
-033.62
-035.554
-048.37
-049.6
Colours
Under-developed
Porcelain
Feathers
Renewal
Security
UDC/DDC
Facet Indicators in UDC
+ / : all used to combine separate numbers
= Language
(0…) Common forms
(1/9) Place
(=…) Ethnic groupings & nationality
“…” Time
-0 Commonly recurring concepts – -02 Properties,
-03 Materials, -04 Activities &c, -05 Persons
UDC/DDC
Facet indicators
Also special auxiliaries for recurring
concepts within a specific subject field
– e.g. -1/-9 Literary forms in class 82 Literature
.0 e.g. .03 Styles in Class 7 –Fine Arts
‘ e.g. Alloys in Metallurgy, 669
669.35’5’6 – Copper-zinc-tin alloys
(combining 3 separate numbers)
UDC/DDC
Other features of UDC
The ability to join two (or more) numbers
together to create a compound notation
Use of alphabetical notation
Many compound concepts do not appear in
the schedules, except as “Examples of
combination”
UDC/DDC
Examples of combination
005.92:004.63
Management of
electronic records
504.4:551.515.3 Hurricane damage
601.2:576.31
Morphological
behaviour
UDC/DDC
Special auxiliaries
Tables, applicable only within a stated set
of numbers
(usually a discipline, or subdiscipline)
not universally applicable (so reusing the
same notation)
Examples :
styles in art
literary forms
UDC/DDC
2
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Religion. Theology
Prehistoric and primitive religions
Religions originating in the Far East
Religions originating in Indian sub-continent
Buddhism
Religions of antiquity. Minor cults and
religions
Judaism
Christianity. Christian churches and
denominations
Islam
Modern spiritual movements
UDC/DDC
Special auxiliaries in Class 2
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
Theory and philosophy of religion. Nature of religion.
Phenomenon of religion
Evidences of religion
Persons in religion
Religious activities. Religious practice
Worship broadly. Cult. Rites and ceremonies
Processes in religion
Religious organization and administration
Religions characterised by various properties
History of the faith, religion, denomination or church
UDC/DDC
Examples of application
26-454-242 Teaching in the Torah on
divorce
26
-454
-242
Judaism
Divorce
Torah. The Law. The Pentateuch
27-528-274.6 Scriptural authority of
Christian liturgy
27
-528
-274.6
Christianity
Liturgy
Authority of Scripture
UDC/DDC
Differential facets
These are necessary for concepts peculiar
to one faith only, normally by expanding a
base number from the Auxiliary table, e.g.
to provide a different sequence for books
of the Bible in Judaism from that in
Christianity
UDC/DDC
DDC’s solution
Option A:
Class the religion in 230–280, its sources
in 220, comprehensive works on the
religion in 230;
in that case class the Bible and
Christianity in 298
UDC/DDC
DDC’s solution
Option B: Class in 210, and add to base
number 21 the numbers following the base
number for the religion in 292–299, e.g.,
Hinduism 210, Mahabharata 219.23; in
that case class philosophy and theory of
religion in 200, its subdivisions 211–218 in
201–208, specific aspects of comparative
religion in 200.1–200.9, standard
subdivisions of religion in 200.01–200.09
UDC/DDC
DDC’s solution
Option C: Class in 291, and add to base
number 291 the numbers following the
base number for that religion in 292–299,
e.g., Hinduism 291, Mahabharata 291.923
Option D: Class in 298, which is
permanently unassigned
UDC/DDC
DDC’s solution
Option E: Place first by use of a letter or
other symbol, e.g., Hinduism 2H0
(preceding 220), or 29H (preceding 291 or
292); add to the base number thus
derived, e.g., to 2H or to 29H, the numbers
following the base number for the religion
in 292–299, e.g., Shivaism 2H5.13 or
29H.513
UDC/DDC
DDC’s solution
Option A vacates the numbers devoted to
Christianity for use by another religion.
Options B and C provide preferred
treatment (and shorter or equivalent
numbers) for a specific religion. Both
explicitly derive notation directly from the
schedules for the preferred arrangement.
UDC/DDC
DDC’s solution
Option D provides preferred treatment and
shorter numbers for a specific religion by
relocating it to 298, a permanently
unassigned number. Option E provides
preferred treatment (and shorter or
equivalent numbers) for a specific religion.
Option E also uses notation derived from
the schedules, but introduces the use of
mixed notation.
UDC/DDC
DDC’s solution
Each of these options presents some
problems and none gives the opportunity
to provide an even-handed approach to
the great religions of the world
UDC/DDC
DDC survey
56 responses from 13 countries
9 used one of the options
None used D or E
So, wholesale replacement of these options
by one alternative arrangement under
consideration perhaps using UDC as a
model
UDC/DDC
Mapping at major religion level
23 Religions of the Indian
Subcontinent Hindu religion in
the broad sense
231 Vedism
232 Brahmanism
233
234
235
24
Hinduism narrowly
Jainism
Sikhism
Buddhism
...
UDC/DDC
294
Indic religions
294.5 Hinduism
294.509013 Vedic
religion
294.5 (in class here
note)
294.5 Hinduism
294.4 Jainism
294.6 Sikhism
294.3 Buddhism
...
Mapping at major religion level
26 Judaism
27 Christianity
28 Islam
296 Judaism
230 Christianity
297 Islam
(UDC – blue; DDC -green)
Both schemes place general topics of
religion first - these have not been touched
yet
UDC/DDC
Bible
UDC provides different notations for Jewish
and Christian Bible, so even same book,
e.g. Psalms, Genesis, Exodus, will have
different numbers
DDC puts Bible ahead of both Christianity
and Judaism – this to remain at present –
other solutions may be explored later
UDC/DDC
Rearrangement of DDC
Taoism
Confucianism
Hinduism
Jainism
Buddhism
Wicca
Yoruba (African people) – religion
Voodoo
Ras Tafari
Bible
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Scientology
UDC/DDC
(299.514)
(299.512)
(294.5)
(294.4)
(294.3)
(299.94)
(299.68333)
(299.675)
(299.676)
(220)
(296)
(230)
(297)
(299.936)
Note
“New religions” or “minor religions” are
collocated with their origin, where relevant,
otherwise the root number is extended
geographically, then chronologically, hence
the placing of, e.g. Wicca, Ras Tafari
UDC/DDC
Buddhism as a case study
UDC base number 24 + DDC notation
DDC 294.333 Buddhist mythology =
243.3
Result
 Moves to chronological position
 Retains DDC number building & internal/auxilary
tables
 Meaningless notation in either system
 Retains limited development
UDC/DDC
Buddhism Case Study 2:
Detailed Mapping
UDC/DDC
Findings
Structural differences and inconsistencies
in both systems
Differences in enumeration/synthesis
Differences in main religion auxiliary table
Differences in common auxiliaries
UDC/DDC
Islam
UDC expansion developed using DDC’s
concepts (but not order)
No problem in creating notations, but order
differs dramatically
Differences in common auxiliaries also
create a problem
UDC/DDC
Islam
28-43
28-44
28-441
28-442
28-442-027.568
28-442.2-027.583
28-442-426.4
28-442.5
28-442.5:636.4
28-442.5:663.2/.5
SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE
SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
Taharah. Mental and physical
purification
Food and diet
Halal. Permitted food
Haram. Forbidden food
Fasting
Rules concerning specific foods and
drinks
Pork
Rules concerning alcoholic drinks
UDC/DDC
Fundamental problems that need to
be addressed
28-442
Food & diet
-027.568 Permitted
-027.583 Forbidden
(The -0 numbers are from Common auxiliary of
Common Properties)
:636.4
Pork (from class 63)
:663.2/.5 Alcoholic drinks (from 66)
Note 663.2 to 663.5 specify a range of alcoholic
drinks, expressed by using the slash for
consecutive numbers
UDC/DDC
Greater detail in UDC
28-426
Objects in worship.
Furnishings and decorations
28-526.1
Furniture. Platforms Lecterns
28-526.1-032.2
Fountains
28-526.11
Dikka. Platform
28-526.13
Minbar. Pulpit
28-526.15
Kursi. Lectern
28-526.4
Tasbih. Subhah. Beads
UDC/DDC
Greater detail in UDC
28-565
28-565.5
28-565.51
28-565.6
28-565.62
28-565.7
28-565.71
28-565.8
28-565.81
28-565.83
Major fasts and festivals
Rajab (7th month of Islamic year)
Laylat al-Mi’raj (‘Night of the Ascent’ of Muhammed
into heaven) (Rajab 27th)
Ramadan. Month of fasting (9th month of Islamic year)
Laylat al Qadr. ‘Night of Power’ (commemorating the
sending down of the Koran to Muhammed) (Ramadan
27th)
Shawwal (10th month of Islamic year)
‘Id al-Adha. Feast of the Breaking of the fast (Shawwal
1st)
Dhu-l-Hijja (12th month of Islamic year)
Annual pilgrimage ceremonies in and near Mecca
(Dhu-l-Hijja 8th-13th)
‘Id al-Adha. Feast of the Sacrifice. ‘Id al-Hajj. Feast of
the Pilgrimage (Dhu-l-Hijja 10th)
UDC/DDC
Same concepts in DDC
No detail for physical contents of mosques
and festivals are handled thus:
UDC/DDC
297.36 Special days and seasons
Including Jum'ah (Friday prayer); `Ashura' (Tenth of
Muharram); Mawlid al-Nabi (Prophet's birthday); `Id alAdha, `Id al-Fitr
Class here rites and ceremonies associated with special
days and seasons, Islamic religious calendar
See also 297.37 for sermons for special days and seasons
297.362
Sawm Ramadan (Annual fast of
Ramamadan)
Including Laylat al-Qadr
Class comprehensive works on fasting
in 297.53
UDC/DDC
Conclusions to date
 Basic overall arrangement can easily be
implemented
This will create greater interoperability
Improve the structure of both schemes
UDC framework works at basic level for
DDC
Level of detail more problematical, and
needs to be resolved
UDC/DDC