Transcript Latin America

Latin America
Shaped by its History
Early Civilizations of
Middle America
Vocabulary
• Hieroglyphics - A system of writing
using signs and symbols.
• Tenochtitlan - Capital city of the Aztec
empire located where Mexico City now
stands.
The Mayas
• Mayans thrived from
A.D. 250 to A.D. 900.
• They built great cities
like Copan and Tikal.
• Developed a written
language of
hieroglyphics.
• Had 2 sophisticated
calendars one for
religious celebrations
and one for the
seasons.
• Mayans were great farmers growing
maize. Also beans, squash, avocados.
• The cities were not unified and often
were at war with each other.
• No one knows why the civilization died
out, famine, disease drought and war
are all possibilities.
• They played a game called Pok-ta-tok
that was similar to basketball.
The Aztec Empire
• Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico
in the 1100’s and settled on an island
in Lake Texcoco in 1325.
• They changed the swampy lake into
the magnificent city of Tenochtitlan.
• The Aztecs built their empire by conquering
the other people in the region and forcing
them to pay tribute, (taxes)
• They had different social classes.
• Tenochtitlan was a magnificent city with
huge temples, a zoo, wide streets and
floating gardens.
• Aztecs engaged in human sacrifice.
• Aztec doctors made more than 1000
medicines from plants.
• Aztecs traded over great distances with their
goods being carried by people called porters.
Aztec Farming
• Most Aztecs were farmers.
• They farmed on floating gardens called
chinampas.
The Incas: People of the
Sun
Vocabulary
• Cuzco - The capital of the Incan
empire.
• Topa Inca - emperor of the Incas who
expanded their empire.
• Quipu - knotted strings on which the
Incas recorded information
• Aqueduct - a pipe of channel that
carries water from a distant source.
The Rise of the Incas
• The Incas settled in Cuzco in about 1200.
• Through wars and conquest they won control
of the entire Cuzco Valley.
• In 1438 Pachacuti became emperor of the
Incas, later his son, Topa Inca took over and
expanded the empire.
• In time it stretched over 2500 miles from
Equador through peru, Bolivia, Chile and
Argentina.
Incan Civilization
• The Incas were excellent farmers, builders
and managers.
• Incan government was very organized,
nobles governed each province and a census
was taken so every citizen could be taxed.
• Locals had to work on government projects
but they were also taken care of by the
government.
• They had no written language so the used
quipus to record information.
The Incas built more than 14,000 miles of roads.
These roads helped the Incas govern their vast empire.
They also built many rope bridges to span the deep
Gorges and narrow passes between cliffs.
The Incas built aqueducts to carry water to their villages
One of these aqueducts carried water from a lake
Over 500 miles away.
Incan Buildings
• The Incas were masters
of building with stone.
• The stones fit together
so tightly even a piece
of paper could not be
slipped between them.
Children of the Sun
• The Incas worshipped
the sun god Inti.
• Viracocha was the
creator of all people of
the Andes.
• The Quechua people
live high in the Andes
and are direct
descendants of the
Incas.
European Conquest
Vocabulary
• Conquistador - conquerors who claimed the
Americas for Spain in the 1500’s
• Mestizo - a person of mixed Spanish and
Native American heritage
• Hacienda - a large farm or plantation
• Hernan Cortes - conqueror of the Aztecs
• Francisco Pizarro - conqueror of the Incas
Europeans Arrive in the
Americas
• In 1492 Columbus arrived in the Americas, he
thought he was in the East Indies so he
called the people he met Indians.
• The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement
between Spain and Portugal that divided the
continent of South America at about 50
longitude. This line of demarcation let Spain
settle everything west of the line and
Portugal everything east. Brazil is the only
nation east of the line.
Treaty Map
Conquistadors
• Came to the Americas
seeking gold and
treasures.
• Cortes arrived in
Mexico in 1519 and
conquered the Aztecs.
• Pizarro began to
conquer the Incas in
1531.
Hernan Cortes
• Headed for
Tenochtitlan with 500
men and 16 horses.
• Moctezuma thought
Cortes might be the
Aztec god
Quetzaalcoatl.
• With the help of Aztec
enemies Cortes
defeated the empire in
1521
Francisco Pizarro
• Sailed with a force
of 180 soldiers
• Captured and killed
the Incan emperor
and other leaders
• Conquered the Incas
and their capital by
1535
Spanish Empire
• Divided the territory into
provinces.
• King appointed viceroys to
govern the provinces.
• New Spain and Peru were
the 2 most important
provinces
• Spanish social class
determined where you lived
in the city
• Spaniards, Mestizos and the
Native Americans
The Columbian
Exchange
• Avocado
• Beans (lima, kidney,
navy)
• Cocoa
• Corn
• Papaya
• Peanut
• Peppers
• Pineapple
• Potato
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Banana
Chicken
Honeybees
Livestock
Lettuce
Onion
Peach
Pear
Sugar cane
Watermelon
Effect of European Rule
• Spain gave settlers encomiendas which were
rights to tax the native people
• Natives were forced to work only on
haciendas (until silver was found)
• Native population fell from 25 million to 3
million in first 50 yrs. Disease killed many
natives.
• African slaves began to be imported to help
with the work.
Haciendas
Independence
• Revolution - overthrow of a
government with another taking its
place
• Criollo - a person with Spanish parents
who was born in Latin America
• Caudillo - a military officerf who runs a
country very strictly
Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Former slave
• Led the people of
Saint-Domingue in
revolution against
France.
• The 10 year struggle
eventually ended in
victory and the
independent country of
Haiti was formed in
1804
Revolution
• Latin Americans were
inspired by both the
U.S. and French
revolutions.
• Criollos were the best
educated but could
hold no gov’t. office.
• Only people born in
Spain could hold office.
• They wanted
independence but they
also wanted the power.
The “Cry of Dolores”
• In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo
a criollo priest began
planning the Mexican
revolution.
• He wildly rang the
church bells in the
town of Dolores rallying
some 80,000 rebels,
mostly mestizos and
Native American.
Mexico’s Independence
• Hidalgos rebels won some victories but were
turned back and Hidalgo was captured and
executed in 1811.
• Augustin de Iturbide was a high ranking
military officer who decided to join the
rebels. Iturbide was trusted by the wealthy,
while most felt Hidalgo was a hot head, and
they decided to support the revolution.
• In 1821 Iturbide declared Mexico
independent.
Simon Bolivar
• One of South Americas
most important
revolutionary leaders.
• From one of the richest
families in Venezuela.
• Went to school in Spain
• While in school had a
run in with Prince
Ferdinand on the
badmitton court.
Bolivar
• He was known as “The Liberator”
• He freed what is now the countries of
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and
Panama.
• Along with the help of Jose de San
Martin he drove the Spanish out of Peru
and the rest of South America.
• Martin liberated Chile.
Brazil
• Brazil was a colony of Portugal and took a
different route to independence.
• When the French army invaded Portugal the
royal family fled to Brazil. In the king
returned to Portugal but left his son Dom
Pedro to rule the colony.
• Dom Pedro took more power and declared
Brazil independent in 1821.
The Challenge of
Independence
• Simon Bolivar dreamed of a united
South America.
• The huge area along with the Andes
and rain forest made his dream
impossible.
From Past to Present
• Dictator - a ruler with complete power.
• Export - to send products from one
country to be sold in another.
• Import - bring product into one country
from another.
• Regime - particular administration or
government.
• Most countries were ruled by dictators
and life was hard for mestizos and
Native Americans.
• Before independence Latin countries
exported goods only Spain and
Portugal. Independence allowed Latin
countries to trade with all nations.
• NAFTA (North American Free Trade
Agreement) 1994 treaty between
Mexico, U.S. and Canada.