Transcript Chapter 1 Pangea

Chapter 1
Pangea

250 million years
ago, there was a
single gigantic
continent called
Pangea.
Ice Age
During the most recent ice age, glaciers (represented on map in white) covered much of
Earth’s northern hemisphere. Ice ages consist of glacial periods and warmer interglacial
periods. Many scientists believe that Earth remains in an interglacial state.
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Glacial Evidence in
Yosemite
Glacial Evidence
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Evidence of alpine
glaciation in the
Selway Crags area
of central Idaho.
The glacier started
in the valley to the
left; the valley to
the right is a
hanging valley, with
waterfalls.
Bering Strait
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The first discoverers
of North America
were nomadic
Asians who
wandered to
America by way of
an exposed land
bridge from Russia
to Alaska during the
Ice Age.
Children play on the frozen waters of a strait that connects to the
Bering Strait, beyond the distant mountains. Globe Staff Photo /
Essdras M. Suarez
Native hunters prepare to take a skin boat into the frigid
waters of the Bering Strait to retrieve a ringed seal that had
been shot. Globe Staff Photo / Essdras M. Suarez
South and Central
American Tribes
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Advanced societies in Americas
– Civilizations
– Culture
– High Tech
– Stable Societies
– Farmers
– Thinkers – Calendars, Writing, Alphabet
– Astronomers
Aztecs
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Aztec were an American Indian
people who ruled a mighty empire
in Mexico during the 1400's and
early 1500's. The Aztec had one of
the most advanced civilizations in
the Americas. They built cities as
large as any in Europe at that
time. They also practiced a
remarkable religion that affected
every part of their lives. To worship
their gods, the Aztec built towering
temples, created huge sculptures,
and held impressive ceremonies
featuring bloody human sacrifices.
Their empire was destroyed by the
Spaniards, who conquered it in
1521. But the Aztec left a lasting
mark on Mexican culture.
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The city of Tenochtitlan was the center of religious worship for the
Aztecs. Since the Mexica believed that the gods required human
blood to subsist, the priests sacrificed thousands of living humans a
year, generally captured Indians from surrounding tribes, in order to
appease the frightful deities. 4-7
Tenochtitlan and its sister-city Tlatelolco, both situated on
an island in Lake Texcoco is the site of modern Mexico City
Incas
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The Inca were well known for their
extensive paved road system that was
used by the government for
communication. They were also famous
for the incredible amount of gold and
wealth of the Inca rulers. The Inca grew
special grains for food such as
amaranth and quinoa which are now
becoming popular in other parts of the
world. Despite their success, the Inca
did not have a written language though
they did have counting system which
used knotted strings for maintaining
number records. When the Spanish
arrived under the command of Pizarro
in the early 1500s they destroyed much
of the Inca civilization in their conquest
for gold.
Machu Picchu, the lost city of the Incas
Mayas
Mayan Ruins
Mayan Ruins
North American Indian
Tribes
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Generally low tech
Hunter/Gatherers
Corn (maize) was
the staple crop
Iroquois of the east
coast were the
most advanced of
the North American
tribes
Iroquois
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Much more advanced than most North
American Tribes
Matrilineal Culture – Power and
possessions passed down to the
female side
Closest thing to the Aztecs, Mayas and
Incas
Iroquois League
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The Iroquois Indians lived in
the eastern woodlands. The
eastern woodlands was an
area made up of New York,
Pennsylvania, and the
southeast part of Canada. The
Iroquois Indians were made up
of several tribes such as:
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,
Cayuga, Seneca, and
Tuscarora. Their language was
Iroquoian.
Pueblo Indian Dwelling
Mesa Verde Cliff Palace
Indirect Discoverers of
America
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Original Native Americans who came
across the Bering Strait
Vikings
Crusaders
Birth of Nation-States
Marco Polo
Gutenberg’s Printing Press
Prince Henry of Portugal
1. Native Americans at
the Bering Strait
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First Native
Americans that
walked across the
Bering Strait must
be given credit as
indirect discoverers
of America
2. Vikings
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The most important European explorers from
the fall ofthe Roman Empire to about the
1000's were the Vikings, who originally came
from Scandinavia. About 800, they settled the
Shetlands, the Faroes, and other islands in the
North Atlantic Ocean. About 860, a storm
drove a Viking ship to a large island that was
later named Iceland. The Norse began to
settle Iceland about 870, and it became the
base for later voyages.
About 900, Gunnbjorn Ulfsson, a Viking leader,
sighted Greenland. About 982, Eric the Red
began exploring the coast of this huge island.
Eric and other Vikings later established
colonies there.
About 986, another Viking leader, Bjarni
Herjolfsson (BYAHR nee hehr YOHLF suhn),
was driven off course while sailing from
Iceland to Greenland. Herjolfsson sighted a
coastline to the west--probably North America-but he did not land there. Instead, he went
on to Greenland. About 1000, Leif Ericson, son
of Eric the Red, led an exploring party to the
land Herjolfsson had sighted. He set up a base
at a place he called Vinland. No one knows
exactly where Vinland was, but most experts
believe that it lay in what is now the Canadian
province of Newfoundland. Vikings made
several other voyages to Vinland and
established a colony there. But conflicts with
the local peoples and other problems led the
Vikings to abandon the colony about 1014.
3. Crusades
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Series of wars in
Europe over Jerusalem
between Christians and
Muslims
Pope made a plea to
Lords of manors for
soldiers
Forced people off
manors and piqued
their interests in
exploration of the east
4. Creation of NationStates
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Creation of Portugal, Spain, France
and Germany
Walls of manors came down and lords
took over more territories.
Creation of countries with kings who
craved power and riches
Kings sent out explores to find riches
5. Marco Polo
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1295 sent out to Asia
and lived there for
many years
Wrote the “Book of Sir
Marco Polo”
Told stories of his 20
year journey to China.
Book told of riches
and treasure of east
that stimulated
Europeans to travel
and venture out.
6. Gutenberg’s Printing
Press
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1455—Printing Press
Gutenberg invents a
moveable type printing
press made of cast metal
and publishes the first
Bible. His invention of the
printing press led to
acceleration of printed
materials making books
widely available for the first
time.
7. Prince Henry’s School
For Navigators
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Invented the caravel –
a ship that could sail
against the wind
Invented the compass
Eventually reached the
West Coast of Africa in
search of an all-water
route to Asia
Dias and Da Gama
sailed for Portugal
Prince Henry's School of
Navigation by Charles
Frederick William Mielatz
Diaz and Da Gama
Christopher Columbus
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Born in Genoa, Italy
Goal was to sail west
to get the east (China)
Convinced Queen
Isabella and King
Ferdinand of Spain to
finance his journey.
Left Spain August 3,
1492 and arrived in
San Salvador on
October 12, 1492
Columbian
Miscalculations
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2 Major
miscalculations
made by
Columbus
1. Underestimated
the size of the
world
2. Did not realize that
a big land mass
(the Americas)
blocked his path.
Reconstructions of the Santa
Maria, Pinta, and Nina
Reprinted courtesy of NASA
Treaty of Tordesillas
The pope wrote a decree( a law) granting the Spanish control
of all lands discovered (or to be discovered) by Columbus. He
drew an imaginary line from north to south in the Atlantic. All
land and sea west of the line would belong to Spain, and all
land east of the line would belong to Portugal. In 1494, the
rulers of the two countries signed the treaty of Tordesillas to
establish this boundary.
Amerigo Vespucci
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Proved that
Columbus discover
a “new world” and
had not reached
Asia
Balboa
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Balboa was a Spanish
Conquistador and Explorer. He
was the first European to see
the eastern edge of the Pacific
Ocean, after making an
arduous trek across the
Isthmus of Panama. His
discovery of the eastern shores
of the Pacific made Central and
South America accessible to
Europeans by sea and
stimulated the exploration,
settlement, and conquest of
these lands.
Balboa's route across the Panama
isthmus in 1513.
Ferdinand Magellan
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a Portuguese maritime explorer
who led the first successful
attempt to circumnavigate the
Earth. Magellan himself did not
complete his final voyage; he was
killed during a Battle in the
Philippines. He became the first
person to lead an expedition
sailing westward from Europe to
Asia and to cross the Pacific
Ocean.
Of the 250 or so crew members
who set out with Magellan to
circumnavigate the globe, only 18
managed to return to Spain and
thereby complete the
circumnavigation. They were led
by Spaniard Juan Sebastián Elcano,
who took over command of the
expedition after Magellan's death.
Copyright: NMM London
Contributions of the
Magellan Voyage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Proved the world was round
Proved there was no passage
through South America
Proved the vastness of the Pacific
Ocean
Proved the vastness of the planet
Gave mapmakers a better idea of the
landscape
Strait of Magellan
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The Strait of Magellan is
a navigable route
immediately south of
mainland South America.
The strait is arguably the
most important natural
passage between the Pacific
and the Atlantic oceans, but
it is considered a difficult
route to navigate because
of the inhospitable climate
and the narrowness of the
passage.
Juan Ponce de Leon
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Spanish
conquistador
who discovered
Florida while
looking for gold and
the “fountain of
youth”
Francisco Coronado
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This map shows the
explorations of
Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado in the
American Southwest.
Coronado searched in
vain for the legendary
cities of Cibola and
Quivira. The presentday state boundaries
are also shown.
World Book map
Hernando De Soto
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600 men undertook a
gold-seeking journey
during 1593-1542.
They discovered the
Mississippi River.
In their search for
wealth, de Soto and
his men tortured and
brutally killed many
Indians.
Prints and Photographs Division. Library of
Congress.
Hernando Cortez
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Conquering the Aztecs took
more than two years. At the
start, Cortes skillfully made
associations with Indian
leaders, communicating
through interpreters. One of
these interpreters was a young
Indian woman known as
Malinche.
Cortes captured Montezuma
and killed him and took over
Tenochititlan.
Cortes defeated the Aztecs,
and won gold for Spain
Hernando Cortes sailed from Cuba to
Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec
Indians there in 1521.
Francisco Pizarro
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Pizarro defeated the
Incas of South
America.
Wong gold and
glory for Spain
John Cabot
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In 1497 John Cabot
and his men explored
the shores of
Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Labrador
and gave fishing rights
to the English. England
claimed the whole east
coast of North America
because they claimed
that Cabot was the first
to reach the North
American mainland.
Giovanni da Verranzo
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Looking for the Northwest
Passage
Verrazano was sent on the first
voyages by the King of France
to find a western route to
China. He had 4 ships, 2 of
them were shipwrecked, but
luckily 1 survived and it was
sent back carrying prizes such
as gold, silver, and spices. He
sailed south until he reached
Carolina. Verrazano was the
first European to enter New
York Harbor
He was eaten by cannibals in
the Caribbean
Jacques Cartier
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Looking for the Northwest
Passage
The French navigator
Jacques Cartier led two
exploratory expeditions to
North America, both funded
by King Francis I. He
claimed the area he
discovered for France, and
named the St. Lawrence
River, which he explored as
far as present-day Montreal