Transcript the Inca Mayans not as politically unified but

The New World
Natives, Settlers & Conquistadors
Introduction
• What is a lecture?
• Lecture Tips
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Complete the assigned readings before lecture.
If possible get Outline/Slides before class.
Make a friend in case you miss a lecture.
Take as many notes as you can.
Get a laptop/PDA with keyboard if possible.
Recording the lecture?
• Good Professors will go beyond the
readings during your lectures, so make
sure you avoid being absent.
Native Life Prior To Colonization
• Population of about 75 Million
people in the “New World”
– 2 Million people resided in present day
Canadian borders.
– More cultural diversity in area of
present day Canada than in all of
Europe at that time.
• Population is not evenly distributed.
– Thinly populated in most of Canada.
– Heavily populated in St. Lawrence
area, South Eastern US, Yucatan
Peninsula, Present Day Mexico and
Coast of Brazil.
State Societies
• Three major State Societies in the
New World
– Aztecs
– Incas
– Mayans
Characteristics of State Societies
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Had Cities and Urban
Centres
– Aztec Capital:
Tenochtitlan
– Inca Capital: Cuzco
– Mayan Capital:
Chichen Itza
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Had a government with
authority over city.
– Aztec Leader:
Tlatoani
– Inca Leader: the Inca
– Mayans not as
politically unified but
extremely
scientifically
advanced.
• The Pyramid of the Sun and the Great Pyramid of
Egypt are almost or very nearly equal to one
another in base perimeter. The Pyramid of the Sun
is "almost" half the height of the Great Pyramid
Characteristics of State Societies
• Have Standing Armies
• Large Population
– Aztec Population of 200,000
people
• Practiced Agriculture
Sedentary Villagers
• i.e. The Hurons
• Characteristics include:
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Main food from Agriculture.
Semi-Sedentary Settlements.
No Army or Police
Communal Government.
Populous but not over a couple of
thousand people.
Nomadic Peoples
• Characteristics
of Nomadic
Peoples
– Subsist on
hunting and
gathering.
– Traded mainly
with Sedentary
villagers for
Vegetables.
– Changed
locations
seasonally.
– Very small
number of people
in each group.
Westward Expansion
• Factors that
Allowed for
Westward
Expansion
– Change in Values
– The Rise of Asian
Trade
– The Rise of
Sovereigns and
Nations
– The power of the
Catholic Church
Vasco da Gama Reaching India
Westward Expansion
• Change in
Technology
– Ship Design
– Reading the
Skies
– Weaponry
– Navigation
Astrolabe
Christopher Columbus
The Voyages
• Four Voyages
in Total.
• First Voyage of
1492
– Pinta, Nina and
Santa Maria
• Columbus’
Reaction
Columbus Claims the New World
for Spain
Studying This Era
• How would you study this time
period?
• Which sources could you use?
– Primary Sources written by people at
that time.
– Linguistic Analysis
– Archaeology.
– Oral Traditions.
– Ethnohistory (combination of
anthropology and history)
Problems with Sources
• How would you rate European-based
sources of the time?
• What are potential problems that may
arise?
• What must you look out for?
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Target Audience
Editing
The Author and his/her views.
What was the view of history at that time.
Is this a moral lesson?
Which parts are emphasized or ignored? Why?
Which method was used to compile the
information?
Excerpt From The Jesuit
Relations
This is what these Savages told us of the taking of the Village of St.
Ignace, and about Fathers Jean de Brebeuf and Gabriel
L'Allemant:
"The Iroquois came, to the number of twelve hundred men; took our
village, and seized Father Breboauf and his companion; and set
fire to all the huts. They proceeded to vent their rage on those
two Fathers; for they took them both and stripped them entirely
naked, and fastened each to a post. They tied both of their
hands together. They tore the nails from their fingers. They beat
them with a shower of blows from cudgels, on the shoulders,
the loins, the belly, the legs, and the face,—there being no part
of their body which did not endure this torment. " The savages
told us further, that, although Father de Brebceuf was
overwhelmed under the weight of these blows, he did not cease
continually to speak of God, and to encourage all the new
Christians who were captives like himself to suffer well, that
they might die well, in order to go in company with him to
Paradise…The barbarian, having said that, took a kettle full of
boiling water, which he poured over his body three different
times, in derision of Holy baptism. And, each time that he
baptized him in this manner, the barbarian said to him, with
bitter sarcasm, " Go to Heaven, for thou art well baptized." After
that, they made him suffer several other torments.
Colonization & Native Life
Colonization
• Aztecs
– Colonization led by Hernan Cortes.
– Began 1519 with help of Aztec Enemies.
– Initially mistaken by God Quetzalcoatl
• Inca
– Pizzaro began conquest with 200 men in 15301535
– The Slaying of Atahualpa
– 13 000 pounds of gold 26 000 pounds of silver.
• Mayans
– Difficult Conquest throughout 1600s
• New France
Effects of Colonization
• Diseases
– Killed about 75% of the
population (56 250 000 People)
– Cabeza De Vaca
• Cultural Devastation
• The Great Debate!
– De Las Casas Vs. Sepulveda
• Guaman Poma De Ayala
• The Columbian Exchange
The forced
marriage of
native
parishioners by
a parish priest.
"Bad confession":
a priest abuses
his pregnant
parishioner
during
confession.
Don Cristóbal de León,
disciple and ally of
“the author Ayala,”
imprisoned by the
royal administrator for
defending the natives
of the province. “I will
hang you, vile Indian!”
threatens the
administrator. “For my
people I will suffer in
these stocks,” Don
Cristóbal replies. (p.
498)
Women and the New World
• Dona Marina
(La Malinche)
• Pocahontas
• Women in the
Middle Ground
• Les Filles Du
Roi
• Mary Jemison
• Eunice Williams