Transcript A Nation Breaking Apart

The Union in Crisis
Chapter 10
1850-1861
Page 322
Section 1
Slavery, State’s Rights, and Westward
Expansion
• Obj: Contrast the economies, societies and
political views of North and South
• Describe the role of the Free Soil Party in
election of 1848
• Analyze the Compromise of 1850
• With addition of new territories, slavery
would once again divide the nation
Mason Dixon Line
• The Ohio River was boundary between slave a
free states west of Appalachian mountains
• Mason Dixon Line border between
Pennsylvania and Maryland- divided slave and
free in the east
Sectional differences
• North- relied on business and trade
– Abolitionist movement gaining momentum
• South- Relied on agriculture
– Production of cotton labor intensive
– South needed slavery
• Racism was common in north and south
Differences
• Wilmot Proviso kept issue of slavery at
forefront
• Slavery by 1860 ended in North
• Minority of North aboitionists
– Slavery was good for economy
– Northern workers feared competition for jobs
• South- Slavery beneficial for everyone- slave
and owner
Election of 1848
• Spread of slavery main issue
• Whigs- Zachary Taylor- avoid slavery, popular
sovereignty
• Democrats- Lewis Cass- same as whigs
• Free Soil Party- Martin Van Buren- free soil,
free speech, free labor and free men
• Taylor won by a small margin
• Free soil had won 10%- scared the south
Impact of Mexican War
• Growing population tipped balance of power
in House of Reps to Free states
• South didn’t want Free states to gain control
of Senate
• After Mexican war, California wanted to be
admitted as free state
• South talked of seceding
Compromise
• 1850- Calhoun, Webster, and Clay would once
again try to solve the nations issue on slavery
• Clay would come up with a compromise
• Webster would support
• Calhoun would argue against- threaten to
secede.
• All three very old
Conflict
• Senator Thomas Hart Benton vs. Henry Foote
• 2 day long speech
• Stephan A. Douglas took charge to get enough
support
Compromise of 1850
• Henry Clay brain child
• 1. California be admitted as free state
• 2. Rest of Mexican territory would decide
themselves
– Texas give up New Mexico for 10 million
• 3. Slave Trade abolished in Washington
• 4. Fugitive slave Law- Northerners had to help
return runaway slaves
• Both sides disliked the compromise
Section 2: A Rising Tide of Protest and
Violence
• Obj: Analyze why the fugitive slave act
increased tension
• Assess how the Kansas-Nebraska Act was seen
differently by the north and south
• Explain why fighting broke out in Kansas
Compromise of 1850 did NOT solve the issue
A. Resistance
• North dislikes enforcing fugitive slave law
• Pass personal liberty laws- nullify Federal laws
• Slave catchers Roam North- capture free and
runaways
• Could sue- Judges swayed to rule with slave
owners
• Christian Riot??
B. Underground Railroad
• Underground Railroad?
• Conductors?
• Stations?
• Harriet Tubman- Black Moses- made two
dozen trips into south leading slaves north
• One slave- Mail?
The Crisis Deepens
• A. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852
• Described life of two slaves
– Uncle Tom- described abuse by master
– Eliza- describe flight to Freedom
• Alerted people “on the fence” about the
atrocities of slavery
• Sold 300,000 copies first year
Kansas Nebraska Act
• Kansas Nebraska Act organizes territory so TCR
can be build- 1854
• Decided both territories popular sovereignty
will decide free or slave
• Nebraska- Free
• Kansas- going to be a close call
Bleeding Kansas
• Kansas becomes battleground
• 7,000 pro-slavery men invade territory to stuff
ballot boxes
• Free soilers also descend on the territory
• Violence Breaks out
• 1856- proslavery thugs burn down Lawrence
Kansas
• Several hundred settlers would be killed
Bleeding Kansas Cont.
• 2 state gov’ts set up and four different
constitutions sent in to be approved
• Meanwhile, John Brown executes 5 proslavery men
• Charles Sumner attacked by Preston Brooks
•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuT3kBw17o0
• Congress refused to admit Kansas as a state
• Would enter as Free in 1861
Section 3
Political Realignment Deepens Crisis
• Obj: Analyze how deepening sectional distrust
affected the nations politics
• Compare the positions of Abraham Lincoln
and Stephen Douglas on slavery
• Explain the effect of John Brown’s raid on the
slavery debate
• The issue of slavery starts pulling the U.S.
apart at the seems
A. Shifting Politics
• Whigs last president would be Millard Filmore
in 1852
• Whig party would fall apart as slavery
separated the party
• Know Nothing Party would arise as more
immigrants came into the country
• Republican Party would be born in 1854
– Attracted anti slavery democrats, whigs, free
soilers and know nothings
B. Election of 1856
• Reps- nominate John C. Fremont
• Dems. James Buchanan- north, and John C.
Breckinridge- from south
• Buchanan would win, but Reps and anti
slavery won 1/3 of popular vote
Dred Scott Decision
• Scott was slave who sued for freedom
• Slave owner took him into free states- should be
free
• Supreme court ruled- Roger B. Taney- chief
Justice
•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9j3lKSs2ZoA
– Dred Scott is not a citizen- property
– Slaves and descendants are property
– Rule Missouri Compromise unconstitutional- slavery
can spread if people want it
– Cant take away people’s property without due process
Lincoln Douglas Debates
• Argued about the legitimacy of slavery and
popular sovereignty
• Lincoln- against slavery and popular
sovereignty- slavery is a moral wrong
• Douglas- little giant- for popular sovereignty
and protection of slavery
• Douglas won Senate election, but Lincoln
gained great reputation that would help him
become president
John Brown Attacks
• John Brown- possibly a little unstable- Claimed
God called him to end slavery
• Tried to start a slave Revolt in the South-1859
• Took over U.S. arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
• Expected slaves to rally to him- they do not
• Revolt put down
• John Brown hung
• Looked on as a martyr in North
•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bB_kbFAui-U
Section 4
Lincoln, Secession, and War
• Obj: Compare the candidates in the election of
1860, and analyze the results
• Analyze why southern states seceded from the
Union
• Assess the events that led to the outbreak of
war
• The election of 1860 threatened to destory
the Union
Election of 1860
• A. Election of 1860
– Election of 1860 is pivotal time in Nation
– 4 Candidates
– Abraham Lincoln-Rep- against spread of slavery
– John C Breckinridge- Southern Dem- protect
spread of slavery and state’s rights
– Stephen Douglas- Northern Dem- popular
sovereignty
– John Bell- Constitution party- compromise- save
union
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Two different Elections
Abraham Lincoln takes 60% of North
Breckinridge takes majority of South
Douglas and Bell do well only in border states
Lincoln wins
South goes into hysteria
South Carolina first to secede- Dec 20 1860
More would follow
Confederacy Established
• Feb 1861- Confederate States of America
established
• 7 southern states:
• Jefferson Davis Prez
• Capitol was Richmond Virginia
• Believed they had the right to leave Union
• Constitution almost like U.S. constitution but
stressed states rights
• Protect slavery
Last Minute Compromise
• Secret meeting in Washington
• Crittenden Compromise• Allow slavery below line in Missouri
compromise
• Reimburse slave owners for runaway slaves
• FAILED
Failure to Compromise
• Lincoln Inaugurated
• Said he would not allow the union to dissolve
• Stop the spread of slavery, but said nothing
about eliminating slavery altogether
• But what should Lincoln do about southern
U.S. forts
Fort Sumter
• Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens in the south and
need resupply
• Lincoln decides to send supplies
• April 6, 1861, South Carolina gunners open up
on Fort Sumter
• Shell for 30 hours
• Union soldiers surrender
• Civil War has begun
•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoj_fNAn9OE
Conclusion
Fall of Fort- Lincoln calls up 75,000 volunteer
troops
Four more southern states secede
South raises an army
Both sides thought war would be short.