Transcript Beginning of the Civil War

The Beginning of the
Civil War
1861-1862
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Who should win?
Advantages/Disadvantages
Plans of War
Secession
• South
believed that they would no longer be
represented equally because new Republican
gov’t did not support their way of life (slave
system)
 “The only hope for its preservation…is out of the
Union.”
• SC,
AL, MI had committed to secession if
Lincoln won the election
• State
convention held in Dec. 1860 SC leads
other states (MI, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX) to
secede
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
Northern Responses to Secession
•
Buchanan denounced secession as unconstitutional,
but said it couldn’t be stopped by force
 Blamed it on Republicans’ refusal to compromise
 Called for obedience to Fugitive Slave law, amendment to
protect slavery & annexation of Cuba
•
Lincoln said revolution was only a “moral right when
exercised for a morally justifiable cause”
 Refused calls to compromise on expansion of slavery
 Rejected proposals to let the seceding states leave the Union
 Refused to give up federal powers over military forts in South
(which CSA needed to become a nation)
The Confederate
States of America
• Constitutional
convention met in
Montgomery, Ala. Feb. 4, 1861
 Mostly copied U.S. Constitution
 Emphasized states’ rights
 Guaranteed protection of slavery
• Provisional
government
established:
 Jefferson Davis named President
 Alexander Stephens named Vice
President
Lincoln’s First Inauguration,
March 1861
I. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
• Confederate
officials began
seizing federal
property-mints,
arsenals, and military
posts.
• Fort Sumter was a
Federal outpost in
Charleston, SC.
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
• Confederate
forces asked for
its surrender.
• Lincoln
refused and sent ships
with supplies.
• Confederate
cannons began
firing on April 12, 1861.
• Fort
later.
• The
Sumter fell 34 hours
Civil War began.
The War Begins
• Lincoln’s
decision to resupply Ft.
Sumter was stroke of genius
 Fulfilled Inaugural Address pledge to hold
federal property in rebel states
 Forced rebels to make decision to start war
• Davis
decided to take fort before resupply
ships arrived
 Beauregard shelled fort April 12-13, 1861
 Anderson surrendered April 13
• Lincoln
called for 75,000 volunteers to
put down rebellion on April 15
• VA,
NC, TN & AR seceded & joined CSA
Rating the North & South
Slave/Free States
Population, 1861
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources:
North &
South
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Northern Advantages
•
Lincoln - Very intelligent and dedicated
•
Larger population
•
More ships
•
Larger, more efficient railroad system
•
More industry - 81% of nation’s factories
•
Better banking system to raise $ for the war
 North 22 million
 South Only 9 million
 75% of nation’s wealth
Northern
Disadvantages
• Fought
on Southern lands
• Divided
support for the war
• Many
believed the South had good
chance of winning
• Lincoln’s
general
failure to secure a good
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
George McClellan,
Again!
McClellan: Too cautious
Southern Advantages
•
Fighting a defensive war
 Local support of all men
 familiarity with terrain
•
Motivation: seeking independence,
unified support
•
Short communication lines/
friendly population
•
Experienced officer corps- (Lee,
Jackson, Pickett)
•
Cotton - necessary for textile
factories of England and France
•
Slave Labor part of the war
The Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
Southern Disadvantages
•
Smaller population
•
Few factories to
manufacture weapons and
supplies
•
Poor transportation system
•
Weak federal government =
not strong enough to
control Southern states
 Jefferson Davis did not
have complete power like
Lincoln
The Union & Confederacy in
1861
Overview
North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
Goal: surround the
Confederacy and
squeeze them into
submission
The Anaconda Plan
•
Capture Richmond and force surrender
•
Expel Confederates from border states
•
Gain control of the Mississippi River to
Stop the transport of:






•
soldiers
Weapons
Ammunition
Clothes
Food
other supplies needed
Blockade southern ports to stop
 cotton shipments
 supplies from foreign nations
Southern Strategy
•
Goal: to be recognized as an
independent nation in order to
preserve their way of life
•
Defend its homeland, holding onto
as much territory as possible until
the North got tired of fighting (war
of attrition)
•
Capture Washington, D.C.
•
Control border states
•
Gain England's support
•
Expel Union troops from South
South Carolina
Fort Sumter
April 12, 1861
The first shots of the Civil War were fired
at Fort Sumter. Major Robert Anderson of
the United States Army had moved his
troops to the base because he feared a
Confederate attack. In the early morning
of April 12, 1861, the Confederates
launched an attack. Northern troops under
Anderson’s command returned fire, but
were ineffective. The Confederacy
continued its attack with prolonged
gunfire, and the Union troops in the fort
surrendered a day later. One Confederate
soldier and four Union soldiers were
killed in the battle.
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Virginia
First Bull Run/Manassas
July 21, 1861
The First Battle of Bull Run took place on
July 21, 1861. General Irvin McDowell led
the Union army toward Richmond,
Virginia. General P.G.T. Beauregard’s
Confederate troops intercepted them. The
battle lasted about five hours. Confederate
forces began to retreat due to losses, except
General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson who
continued to fight until reinforcements
arrived. The reenergized Confederates
pushed McDowell’s forces out of the area.
Union casualties were high, almost three
thousand; and the Confederates suffered
two thousand casualties.
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Tennessee
Shiloh
April 6-7, 1862
The Battle of Shiloh raged from April 6
until April 7, 1862. Union troops had
found Confederate General Albert
Johnston’s forces near Corinth Road,
but they were not prepared for an
attack. The Southern troops forced them
to retreat toward the river. Although the
Confederate soldiers had gained ground,
they suffered many losses. On the
second day the Union army claimed
ground in the early morning, throwing
off Beauregard’s troops. The
Confederacy, however, had an
exceptional defense and stopped the
Union soldiers before the Confederates
retreated.
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The War at Sea
The Battle of the Ironclads also is known
as the Battle of Hampton Roads and the
Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack.
This battle was fought off Sewell’s Point near
Hampton Roads, Virginia. It was the first
naval battle between two ironclad ships, the
Union’s USS Monitor and the Confederacy’s
CSS Virginia, which was rebuilt from the
USS Merrimack.
The battle took place over two days, and
the Virginia destroyed many of the Union’s
wooden ships. The next day, the two ironclads
clashed at sea, and the Virginia was damaged.
Neither side claimed victory in this battle, but
the battle revealed the future of naval warfare.
Ironclad, steam-driven ships were at a
decisive advantage against wooden sailing
vessels.
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