Transcript File federalism test reviewx

Federalism:
Test Review
Define & CoMpare:
• Unitary System
• Federal System
• Confederal System
• Some examples of each?
Federalism
• Why did the framers of the U.S. Constitution devise
the federalist system?
• What were the practical advantages?
• What are some significant advantages & disadvantages
of the federal system as we use it today?
Laboratories of
Democracy
• Name some significant federal policies that were a
result of successful state initiatives.
• Did Social Security begin as a state program?
• Both state & local governments have the power to tax.
Is the federal government the only entity that can
collect taxes on personal income?
Constitutional
Powers
• Define & Compare the following:
• Expressed/enumerated powers
• Inherent powers
• Implied powers
• Reserved powers
• Concurrent powers
• Exclusive powers
Important
provisions:
Define the following and explain why each is significant:
Elastic / Necessary & Proper Clause
Full Faith & Credit Clause
Supremacy Clause
Role of the Supreme
court:
• Who was John Marshall & why was he significant?
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
• Since the 1990’s how has the Supreme Court
traditionally ruled regarding the expansion of federal
power?
• Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
Expansion of Federal
Power
• The Marshall court expanded the power of the federal
government, but in the following years, future courts,
presidents and legislators sought to redirect more
power to the states.
• Slavery was an issue that both abolitionists &
slaveholders used to illustrate the strengths &
limitations of federalism.
• Southern states believed they could “opt out” of
federal laws they did not like. They embraced the idea
of nullification, as opposed to the Supremacy clause
listed in the Constitution.
Test of Federalism
• After the election of Abraham Lincoln, several Southern
states decided to leave, or secede, from the union.
• Lincoln did not believe that states had the right to leave.
The Civil War was fought to keep the union in tact, and was
our nation’s greatest challenge to federalism.
• After the war, Congress promoted, and the non- rebellion
states ratified, a series of amendments designed to
incorporate freed slaves into the union.
• The 13th, 14th & 15th amendments forced states to comply
with federal laws on slavery, discrimination & voting rights,
until Reconstruction ended in 1878.
Types of Federalism
• Define & compare the following:
• Dual federalism
• Cooperative federalism
• New federalism
Presidential & Party
Positions on federal Power
Franklin d. Roosevelt
• Democrat (1932-1945)
• Greatly expanded the power of the federal government with
the implementation of cooperative federalism
• Roosevelt argued that the dire situation of the nation during
the Great Depression called for significant government
intervention
• Met with much public & legislative support, but received
some judicial criticism about the constitutionality of his
programs.
• Threatened to “pack the court” with six additional judges if
the Supreme Court continued to challenge his programs
Johnson’s Great
Society
Lyndon B. Johnson
• Democrat (1963-1969).
• Since Brown v. Board of Education (1954 & 56), the federal government was
forced to use national power to ensure Southern compliance to national laws
regarding civil rights & discrimination.
• Johnson enthusiastically supported the passage of the Civil Rights Act of
1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965, which sought to end the discriminatory
laws and practices of southern states.
• Johnson’s “Great Society” policies of the 1960’s sought to eradicate poverty
in the U.S.
• Great expansion of federal programs like welfare, housing aid, and other
poverty relief programs. Increased federal spending for implementation.
• U.S. was also becoming increasingly involved in the Vietnam conflict, which
increased military spending. Public support for Johnson was not high.
Richard M. Nixon
Richard Nixon
• Republican (1969-1975)
• Began a process of reducing government spending by
both drawing down the Vietnam conflict & allowing
more state control through government grants
• Resigned in disgrace after Watergate scandal
• Program reductions would continue under Ronald
Reagan in 1981.
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan
• Republican (1981-1989)
• Began the process of devolving power (devolution) & program
control from the federal to state governments. Coined the term
“New Federalism” which shifted more power to the states.
• Awarded more block grants to the states: states would get the
funds to set up and run many programs formally controlled by the
federal government.
• Devolution reduced federal spending on social programs, and
reduced some levels of a very complicated federal bureaucracy.
• Embraced the idea of “small government” but did not advocate a
reduced federal budget. Reagan greatly increased federal spending
and the national debt on military programs like “Star Wars.”
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton
• Democrat (1993-2001)
• Continued some of Reagan’s devolutions policies,
particularly by supporting The Welfare Reform Act, which
reformed and reduced the cost of welfare, and allotted block
grants to the states to implement their own state welfare
programs.
• This reduced federal welfare spending, but created
inequities with the implementation of the poverty programs
in each state.
• Also greatly reduced federal military spending. Only
president in past 45 years to submit a balanced, (then
surplus,) federal budget.
George W. Bush
George W. Bush
• Republican (2001-2009)
• Supported the expansion of federal power through his
avocation of several congressional acts & key pieces
legislation:
• Formation of the Department of Homeland Security
• Patriot Act (in response to 9/11)
• No Child Left Behind
• Defense of Marriage Act
Barack Obama
Barack Obama
• Democrat (2009-present)
• Supported the repeal of DOMA
• Advocated for national education standards with the federal
policy Common Core.
• Promoted the Affordable Care Act, (Obama Care), which
advocated a federal mandate on individual access to health
insurance, (although each state was given the option to set
up their own, state run insurance exchanges.)
• Continued many Bush policies regarding the Patriot Act &
the Department of Homeland Security.
Grants in Aid to
States
• Define and compare the following:
• Categorical Grants
• Block Grants
• Federal Mandates