Transcript Chapter 11

Reconstruction
(1865-1877)
Chapter 13 Section 1
Presidential Reconstruction
I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the
Civil War.
A. The Civil War left the South in ruins
B. Reconstruction (1865-1877)
– the federal government’s controversial effort to
repair the damage to the South and to restore
Southern States to the Union – spanned four
American Presidents
I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the
Civil War.
C. The War’s Aftermath
1. Physical Toll – railroads, bridges, farms, factories, ports
2. Human Toll
a. North lost 364,ooo
b. South lost 260,000
I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the
Civil War.
C. The War’s Aftermath
2. Human Toll
c. Southern Hardships
1. Black Southerners – as slaves had food and shelter,
however inadequate – as
freedmen they were homeless
and hungry
2. Plantation Owners – lost labor, lost plantations,
worthless Confederate money
3. Poor White Southerners – could no longer find work
because of competition
from freedmen
II. Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson.
A. Lincoln’s Plan
1. It offered a pardon – an official forgiveness of a crime – to
any Confederate who would take an
oath of allegiance to the Union and
accept the federal policy on slavery
2. Lincoln set a tone of forgiveness
3. Congress saw Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan as a threat to
congressional authority
4. Radical Republicans viewed Lincoln as too lenient
5. Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865
II. Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson.
B. Johnson’s Plan
1. Andrew Johnson – a former slave owner
– supported by poor white Southerners
2. Pardoned Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union
3. Each state to hold a constitutional convention
4. States required to void succession, abolish slavery,
ratify the Thirteenth (13th) Amendment
5. States to hold elections and resume participation
6. Johnson was more generous to the South than Lincoln
7. Johnson freely gave pardons to Southern officials
III. Explain how newly freed slaves began to rebuild their lives
and how the federal government helped them.
A. Freedom of Movement
B. Freedom to Own Land
1. True freedom would come only with economic
independence
2. Newly freed African Americans urged the federal
government to redistribute Southern land
3. Proposals to give white-owned land to freedmen got little
political support
III. Explain how newly freed slaves began to rebuild their lives
and how the federal government helped them.
C. Freedom to Worship
1. The most visible new black organizations in the South
were churches
D. Freedom to Learn
E. The Freedmen’s Bureau
1. Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help black
Southerners adjust to freedom
2. First major federal relief agency in United States history
Chapter 13 Section 2
Congressional Reconstruction
I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and
Fourteenth (14th) Amendment.
A. Black Codes
1. Black Codes – restricted the rights of freedmen in the
South
a.
b.
c.
d.
Curfews – sunset
Vagrancy Laws – not working
Labor Contracts – signed for a year’s worth of work
Limits on Women’s Rights
– forced to do farm labor
e. Land Restrictions
– forced to live in rural areas - plantations
I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and
Fourteenth (14th) Amendment.
A. Black Codes
2. Under Johnson’s Reconstruction plan, white Southerners
began to enact laws that gave whites power over
African Americans
3. Enraged Northern Republicans in Congress blamed
President Johnson for Southern Democrats’
return to power
I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and
Fourteenth (14th) Amendment.
B. Fourteenth (14th) Amendment
1. Congress used one of its greatest tools:
the power to amend the Constitution
2. 1866 – Congress passed a Civil Rights Act
3. Fourteenth (14th) Amendment
a. Part of a series of laws that ensured the Civil Rights
of African Americans
b. Guaranteed that all people born or naturalized in
the United States were citizens and that no state
could restrict their rights
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of
the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
A. Radical Reconstruction
1. Radical – extreme position
2. Moderate – someone who supports the mainstream views
of the party
3. Civil Rights – citizens’ personal liberties guaranteed by
law – voting rights and equal treatment
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of
the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
A. Radical Reconstruction
4. Strict Laws Imposed
a. Reconstruction Act of 1867
1. Put the South under military rule
2. New elections / new state constitutions
3. All qualified male voters allowed to vote
including African American males
4. Ratify the Fourteenth (14th) Amendment
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of
the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
A. Radical Reconstruction
5. Congress and the President
a. When Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act, he
was impeached by the House of Representatives
b. Impeach – charge a government official with
wrongdoing
c. Johnson Impeached
1. Johnson’s firing of Sec. of War Stanton
2. “high crimes and misdemeanors”
3. Senate voted, Johnson was NOT removed
from office
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of
the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
A. Radical Reconstruction
6. Ulysses S. Grant is Elected
a. Johnson finished his term without a mandate and
no support from his party
b. Johnson returned to Tennessee and regained his
Senate seat as a Democrat
c. Republican Ulysses S. Grant won the
Election of 1868
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of
the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
B. The Fifteenth (15th) Amendment
1. Freedmen demanded citizenship rights to:
vote, hold public office, serve on juries,
and to testify in court
2. Fifteenth (15th) Amendment
a. Guaranteed African Americans the right to vote
- race, color, or previous condition of servitude
b. In 1870, thanks to the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment,
southern black men voted for the first time
III. Analyze conditions in the South under Republican
government.
A. The Republican South
1. Carpetbaggers – northern Republicans who moved to the
postwar South – rushed to profit from
southern misery
2. Scalawags – “scrawny cattle” – white southern
Republicans – former Whigs who had
opposed secession
Chapter 13 Section 3
Birth of the “New South”
I. Summarize the post Civil War changes in southern
agriculture.
A. Changing in Farming
1. WANTED: Workers
2. Sharecropping – keeping part of the crop in return for
labor – worked under supervision
3. Tenant Farming – paying to rent land – chose what to
plant and when to work
4. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers did not own
the land they farmed
I. Summarize the post Civil War changes in southern
agriculture.
B. Effects on the South
1. Changes in the labor force
2. Emphasis on cash crops – new farming arrangements led
to a focus on cash crops – cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane
– not food crops
3. Cycle of Debt
a. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 tried to help
Southerners by offering low-cost land
4. Rise of Merchants
a. Tenant farming encouraged the rise of a new class
of wealthy merchants
II. Explain the achievements and limitations of urban and
industrial growth in the South.
A. Cities and Industry – “New South”
1. The Growth of Cities
a. Reconstruction succeeded in rebuilding many of
the South’s railroads
2. Limits of Industrial Growth
a. Most of the South’s postwar industrial growth came
from cotton mills
b. Big profits went to northern companies that sold
the finished product
III. List the beneficial and the harmful ways in which
Reconstruction funds were used.
A. Raising Money
1. Infrastructure – includes roads, bridges, and telegraph
lines
2. One example of the wise use of Reconstruction funds
was investing in tax payer supported public education
3. Much of the money for improving infrastructure and
education in the South came from taxes on individuals
Chapter 13 Section 4
The End of Reconstruction
I. Assess the impact of racial terrorism on the South.
A. Spreading Terror
1. The main goal of the Ku Klux Klan’s terror was to drive the
Republicans out of the South
2. The Federal Response
a. Congress reacted to Klan terror by passing the
Enforcement Act of 1870
1. Banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to
prevent people from voting because of
their race
II. Explain why the Reconstruction period came to an end.
A. Reconstruction Ends
1. Legislatures taxed and spent heavily
2. Reconstruction came to symbolize corruption, greed, and
poor government
3. Solid South – new bloc of Democrats – reversed many
reforms of the Reconstruction legislatures
II. Explain why the Reconstruction period came to an end.
B. The Compromise of 1877
1. The Compromise of 1877 helped Democrats regain
control of southern politics
2. Democrats agreed to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes
to be given the victory in the Presidential Election of 1876
3. In return, Hayes agreed to remove the remaining federal
troops from southern states
III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction.
A. Successes of Reconstruction
1. Restoring the Union and helping to repair the
war-torn South
2. Stimulated economic growth
3. 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
4. Freedmen’s Bureau established
5. Southern states adopted the northern states system of
mandatory, tax-supported education
III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction.
B. Failures of Reconstruction
1. The inability to move black Southerners out of poverty
2. Ku Klux Klan and other terrorism
3. Racist attitudes
4. Greed and corruption
III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction.
C. Civil Rights Battles Continue
1. During the Era of Reconstruction, women fought
unsuccessfully for voting rights