Transcript Unit 4 Domain 2 - Henry County Schools

Domain Two
Lectures
Thomas Jefferson
through
Reconstruction
Northwest Ordinances, 1787
• Northwest Territories needed to be organized
(for new states!)
• government encouraged westward expansion
• Slavery was banned in these territories
• Public schools were mandated
Standard 6A
Northwest Ordinances
Organize Northwest Territories
Louisiana Purchase
• Thomas Jefferson won the “Revolution of
1800” because people wanted a president to
de-centralize the federal government
– First Republican president
• Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to buy
New Orleans for $5 million
– France agreed to sell not only New Orleans but the
whole Louisiana Territory for $15 million
– As a result, the US nearly doubled in size
• Did Jefferson violate the trust of those that
elected him?
”Mad Tom in Rage”
Another cartoon depicting Jefferson as a
"brandy-soaked anarchist tearing down the
pillars of government" was probably
published by the Federalists after
.
Jefferson was elected Jefferson is
saying, "Oh! I fear it is stronger rooted
than I expected but with the assistance of
my Old Friend and a little more Brandy I
will bring it down." Again he is shown in
league with the devil, who is saying, "Pull
away--my son--don't fear--I'll give you all
my assistance."
" was probably
Lewis & Clark
• Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark to explore the Louisiana Purchase, all
the way to the Pacific Ocean
• 16 month expedition was supposed to:
–
–
–
–
Chart trails west
Map rivers and mountain ranges
Describe and collect samples of wildlife
Record facts & figures about Native Americans
• Why is the Lewis & Clark expedition important
for America?
War of 1812: The Causes
•
President James Madison declared war on Great
Britain for FOUR main reasons
(1) Britain was making it difficult for the US to trade with
France
(2) British ships were stopping US ships and impressing
thousands of Americans into the British navy
(3) “War hawks” in Congress were calling for action because
of suspected British military support to western American
Indians
(4) Beating Britain (again) would get them out of North
America (Canada) altogether
•
Was Mr. Madison wise to declare war on Britain?
War of 1812: The Results
• During the war, the British burned the White
House and the Capitol building
• America won little victories on Lake Erie and an
ironic victory in New Orleans
– Led by General Andrew Jackson in New Orleans
• This would be the last time the US and Britain
ever fight and the US won respect as a worthy
opponent
• Nationalism rises as a result of the end of the war
• Why does nationalism rise after this war?
Written Response:
Thomas Jefferson’s presidency is defined
mostly by the Louisiana Purchase
James Madison’s presidency is defined mostly
by the War of 1812
• Which one was the better
president? Explain what you do
like about one, while also
explaining what you don’t like
about the other one.
Describe the causes of a rise in
American nationalism.
(1) Which president made the Louisiana
Purchase?
(2) What did the purchase do to the size
of the United States?
(3) Who did the president send to
explore the Louisiana Territory?
Describe the causes of a rise
in American nationalism.
• What is nationalism?
• What does it mean to be nationalistic?
A National Infrastructure
• As more families moved west of the
Appalachian Mtns, into the LA Purchase, a
growing network of toll roads and downstream
river barges were the people’s best options
• The steamboat enables more people to travel to
more places more easily (and quickly)
• Canals were built to help move people on
• What can we compare these rivers and toll
roads to today?
Erie Canal
• The most famous canal was the Erie Canal
• After 8 years of digging, it finally opened in
1825, its 363 miles connected the Great Lakes
and the Atlantic Ocean
• Transportation costs dropped and markets
from west to east were opened up
• Different regions were connected and people
were encouraged to settle the west
• What does the Erie Canal tell us about the
infrastructure of America?
Rise of New York City
• Until 1835, Philadelphia had been America’s
largest city
• Soon, booming trade led the population of
NYC to grow to become the largest US city
• NYC was the link in between European
markets across the ocean and American
agriculture in the interior of the US
• What was it that probably directly led to NYC
becoming this major trade center?
NYC, 1885
Monroe Doctrine APPARTS
•
•
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•
•
•
Author
Place and Time
Prior Knowledge
Audience
Reason
(The) Main Idea
Significance
The Monroe Doctrine
• In 1823, President James Monroe warned
European nations to not intervene in the politics
of North & South America
• European nations were no longer welcome to
settle and govern colonies in the Americas
• Monroe told Europe that we would defend the
Western Hemisphere, as it defends itself
• How do you think the world regarded the
Doctrine?
• How do you think Americans regarded the
Doctrine?
The Industrial Revolution
• Power-driven machines operated by unskilled
workers replace hand tools and skilled workers
• Eli Whitney captured the spirit of the Revolution with
his inventions
– Cotton Gin: rapidly removes cotton seeds, reduced costs,
increased profits, increased need for more cotton crops
– Interchangeable Parts: for muskets, a broken piece used to
mean a need for a new musket… now, if one piece broke,
that one piece could be replaced… mass production is
spurred on by this invention
• What is the effect of the invention of the cotton gin on
the need for slaves in the South?
Lowell Mill, MA
For each of the following picture
take five minutes in your groups
to answer the questions.
1. How does this picture depict the
president?
2. Who does this picture appeal to?
3. What is the bias of this picture, if any?
4. Write down any other facts or details you
notice in the picture.
Jacksonian Democracy
• Seeking a stronger presidency and a weaker Congress
– (look for someone as experienced as…a former general)
• Followers and supporters of politicians should be
given government jobs to limit power of elite groups
(spoils system)
• More respect given to the opinions of the common
man
– Suffrage extended to all white males, not just those that
owned land
• What kind of president should we expect Andrew
Jackson to be?
Popular Politics
• Jackson was elected in 1828, after getting
cheated out of the 1824 election, and he
brought a lot more participation
– The brand new Democratic party was a success
• Things could get pretty brutal in public
displays of campaign songs, pamphlets,
posters, barbecues, rallies, buttons, etc
– Andrew Jackson’s attitudes toward Native
Americans & National Banking were challenged
• What are the advantages to this increased
attention to politics?
Nullification Crisis
• Vice President John C. Calhoun argued with
Andrew Jackson about states’ rights to nullify
(cancel) federal laws
• Southern states wanted to nullify a high tariff
(tax) Congress had passed on manufactured
goods coming in from Europe
– The tariff was good for Northern business, but bad
for Southern plantation owners
• Using this crisis as evidence, what is
nationalism being replaced by in the US?
Necessary or Wrong?
Describe how the era of
Jacksonian Democracy gave
birth to an era of social reforms.
• What is reform and what does it mean?
• What types of things need to be reformed
in this school, state, country, world?
• How would you go about getting these
things changed.
Reforms: Temperance
• Women and religious leaders pushed the issue
– Temperance, to encourage people to drink less
– Prohibition, to outlaw it altogether
• Protestant Christian groups expanded their
influence as a result, especially in western and
rural areas
• Why were women helping to lead this reform
movement?
Reforms: Education
• Public education was still a slow idea to grow
in the new republic
• Horace Mann argued that all children should
be required to attend free schools built by
taxpayers and led by trained teachers that had
been given a planned curriculum
• How did the Industrial Revolution compete
with the education reform movement?
Reforms: Women’s Rights
• In the early 1800s, women had few rights
– No suffrage, no custody or landowning rights
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an outspoken
advocate for women’s full citizenship rights
• In 1848, she organized the Seneca Falls
Conference in New York to publish a
declaration for women’s rights (suffrage)
• What other women were involved in this
movement?
Reforms: Abolition
• Abolitionists believed that slavery should be
abolished and it should not be allowed in new
states
• Women were highly involved in this
movement as well
• Where in the US was the abolitionist
movement particularly strong?
Describe evidence of
manifest destiny.
Imagine the year is 1840…
• You, your partner and your three children are
considering moving from Georgia out into the West,
maybe Oregon or California
– WHAT WOULD BE TWO REASONS TO DO IT?
– WHAT WOULD BE ONE REASON NOT TO DO IT?
Changing
American Nationalism
• In Jackson’s day, Americans believed that
their nation was different and superior to other
nations
– Also, that it was their duty to expand
Protestantism, the English language, and culture all
the way to the Pacific Ocean, just as the Founding
Fathers would have wanted it
• Can nationalism continue at a high level as
expansionism starts to take off, or is
nationalism in danger?
Manifest Destiny
“if Hell lay to the West, Americans
would cross Heaven to get there.”
Manifest Destiny
“Obvious Fate”
•
•
Supported by Jacksonian Democratic principles
Between 1800-1860, America doubled in size and
doubled in number of states (16 to 33)
• Three key motivations for westward movement
(1) Most Americans wanted to own their own land
(2) Gold and other valuable resources lay in the
West
(3) The US was destined to stretch across North
America for economic expansion
• Are there any negative things to consider about
American expansionist dreams?
Routes West
Our “Providential” Destiny
.
Mexican-American War
• In 1845, the US annexed Texas as a new state
(some ten years after it had declared itself
independent of Mexican rule)
• Annexation led America to look at other
Mexican lands, war broke in 1846 under the
presidency of James K. Polk
• American victory in the war led to a large
Mexican Cession of lands including Arizona,
New Mexico, and California
Abolitionists
• William Lloyd Garrison, a northern writer and editor
of The Liberator, was an important white abolitionist
who used graphic stories to show the bad treatment of
slaves
• Frederick Douglass, a former slave, wrote an
important autobiography and traveled widely to give
speeches in favor of African American equality
• The Grimke sisters, Sarah & Angelina, were two
southern women who lectured all around the North
about the evils of slavery they had seen growing up
on a plantation
• In what way did abolitionists come from diverse
backgrounds?
William Lloyd Garrison
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
• In 1831, Nat Turner saw a solar eclipse as
evidence of a heaven-sent mission to lead a
slave rebellion across four VA plantations
• 60 whites were killed, but Turner was
ultimately captured and executed
• As a result, slave owners passed much more
limiting laws against the lives of slaves and
strengthening slavery itself in the South
• How could Nat Turner’s rebellion be variously
interpreted by northerners and southerners?
Nat Turner--1831
Slavery as a Political Issue
• Most southern whites opposed abolition, claimed it
was necessary for the economy
– Also argued that their highly sophisticated culture was
further proof of the necessity and that slaves benefitted
from slavery more than northern workers benefitted from
industrialization
• As America moved west, the question continued to
come up…should slavery be extended everywhere the
American flag goes?
• What will happen when northerners and southerners
both move into a new territory like Missouri?
Missouri Compromise
• In 1820, half the states in the US allowed
slavery and half did not, so the next state was
going to tip the balance!
– Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
– Maine would be admitted as a free state
– All future states above the 36’30’ line would be
free, and all future below would be slave
• Did the Missouri Compromise create a final
solution to the political problem of slavery?
Wilmot Proviso
• Even as America had fought the Mexican-American
War, the debate over slavery went on
– Many wondered if these new lands in NM, AZ and CA
would allow slavery (Mexico had not allowed it there,
when it was theirs)
• The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal to ban
slavery in the Southwest, but the House of
Representatives voted it down
• Based on their vote on the Wilmot Proviso,
how willing is Congress to take a permanent
position on the issue of slavery in the West?
Compromise of 1850
•
•
Congress started to realize the nation was
threatened by the growing sectionalism over the
issue of slavery
They looked for a compromise to rebuild
nationalism and restore calm
(1) The people of the NM territory could vote themselves on
the issue of slavery
(2) California would be a free state
(3) The slave trade in Washington DC would stop
(4) Fugitive slaves had to be returned, failure by a citizen to
do so could result in fine or jail
•
Which of these pieces was good for the North?
Which of these was good for the South?
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act cancelled the
Missouri Compromise and made a new vision for
western slavery
• Popular Sovereignty gave the power to the people to
decide on the issue of slavery for themselves, by vote
and majority rule
• Pro-slavery groups and abolitionists rushed to Kansas to
test this new idea but violence erupted after Kansas
wrote a pro-slavery constitution
• How successful was the idea of popular sovereignty in
finally bringing an end to sectionalism?
Dred Scott v. Sanford
• In 1857, the Supreme Court settled a
lawsuit against a slave claiming to be free
• The Court determined that no African
America, free or slave, had the rights of
citizenship
• The Court also said that the government
could not ban slavery in any territory
• The new Republican party swore to
overturn the decision if elected
• According to the Constitution, if not
citizens, what are African Americans?
John Brown
• A famous abolitionist decided to fight against
slavery with violence and terrorism
• In 1856, Brown explained that God had chosen
him to end slavery and killed five men in
Kansas
• In 1859, Brown led an assault on a armory in
Harper’s Ferry, VA to take weapons to slaves
who could use them in an uprising
• He failed, then was captured and hanged
• Is John Brown a martyr or a terrorist?
Martyr? Terrorist?
“Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the
furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with
the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in this slave
country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust
enactments, I say, let it be done.”
Can Abraham Lincoln
Preserve the Union?
• After Lincoln was elected in 1860, seven states
seceded from the Union and formed the
Confederate States of America
• After an attack on Fort Sumter, SC in 1861, four
more states seceded & war broke
• Lincoln believed his top priority as president was
to maintain the Union, and he believed that the
southern states did not have the right to secede
• What was the cause of the Civil War?
– Is it slavery? Is it states’ rights? Is it economics?
North v. South
Four Years & 821,000 Lives
Union (North)
Confederacy (South)
Foundations
Industry & Trade
Agriculture & Slavery
Population
71% overall; and a large
capable army
29% overall; but onethird of that # is slave
Manufacturing
92% of all American
industry; many resources
8% of all American
industry; minimal
weapons and supplies
Exports
34% of exports, so they
favored a high tariff
66% of exports, so a
tariff hurt their ability
to sell goods overseas
Railroads
71% of railroads were in
the North, so troops and
supplies will move easily
29% of railroads were in
the South, making
transportation tough
Military & Leadership
Not immediately
prepared for war
Stronger due to
traditions and history
•Who should we expect to win the war?
•And, how long should the war last?
Habeas Corpus
• Since not all Northerners supported the Union,
Lincoln had to suspend the right of habeas
corpus – the law that anyone imprisoned has to
be brought before a judge to see if it is
warranted imprisonment
• Over 13,000 Confederate sympathizers were
arrested during the Civil War
• How can President Lincoln do this, when it
seems it would violate Constitutional rights?
Anaconda Plan vs. War of Attrition
Overall Strategy of the Civil War
Civil War Leaders
• Abraham Lincoln: President of the USA
• Jefferson Davis: President of the CSA
• Ulysses S. Grant: won first Union victories in western
theatre of war; captured control of the Mississippi
River in siege of Vicksburg; accepted surrender at
Appomattox Courthouse
• William Tecumseh Sherman: served under Grant;
destroyed Atlanta, then marched to the sea
• Robert E. Lee: Fought off stronger Union armies at
Antietam; lost at Gettysburg; will offer final CSA
surrender
• Stonewall Jackson: won First Battle of Bull Run as a
surprise; dies in later battle under Lee
• How do these leaders compare to one another?
Civil War Battles
• Antietam: 9/1862, Lee marched to Antietam Creek,
MD for the deadliest single day in American history
(26,000 die), and neither side is victorious
– Lee’s failure to win encouraged Lincoln to offer
Emancipation Proclamation
– Video:
– http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/battleof-antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
• It freed the slaves in Confederate states
– He knew they wouldn’t listen, but he hoped the
slaves would get word and flee to the North to hurt
the Confederate war effort
• New Goal for the Union:
– Not just preserve the union…now, we seek to
abolish slavery throughout the nation
Civil War Battles
• Gettysburg: 6/1863, Lee marched north to PA, and
this three-day battle was the bloodiest of the Civil
War
– Lee’s failure here led Britain & France to stay out
of the war, and led him to never invade the Union
again
• Video:
• http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-ofgettysburg#the-battle-of-gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg
Day by Day
July 1: Gray push Blue out of town,
but into stronger/higher ground
July 2: slow moving Gray mount
furious assaults on left and right of
Meade in brilliant three hour battle
July 3: Lee staked everything on
one gallant rush at Cemetery Ridge;
did not demand obedience and had
doubters; sent George Pickett in
suicidal advance across open ground
and only 10,000 of 15,000 cut down
Lee: “all this has been my fault”
Lee forced to retreat back to the
South
Gettysburg Address
• November 1863, four months after the
bloodiest battle, Lincoln came to shape public
opinion
• He raised spirits, he convinced people that this
was an indivisible nation
Civil War Battles
• Vicksburg: 7/1863, Grant’s ideas of total war laid siege for
seven weeks split the South in half and became a turning
point (along with Gettysburg)
• Video:
• http://military.discovery.com/videos/assignment-discoverycivil-war-battles-vicksburg-and-gettysburg.html
Vicksburg: The War in the West, 1863
Civil War Battles
• Atlanta: 9/1864, Sherman besieged for six weeks before taking the
southern manufacturing and shipping center
– Afterwards, he marched southeast destroying everything he came
across, breaking the will of the southerners, and guaranteeing
Lincoln’s reelection in 1864
– Video:
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZFaVHZS9YU
The Atlanta Campaign and Sherman's March
Appomattox Court House
• On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee
surrendered his army to General Ulysses
S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.
• Grant allowed Confederate soldiers to go
home once they had laid down their arms.
• The war was over. Four Years & 821,000
Lives, later.
Lincoln’s 2nd
Inaugural Address
• Following reelection in 1864, he was already
certain the Union was going to win, and
slavery was already all but gone…so he set out
to heal the nation
• He expressed sorrow over the war
• He told Americans not to seek revenge
• He reminded us that this was not a war over
slavery but national unity and that we needed
to move forward, reconstructed, together
Connect Lincoln’s most famous addresses
to key Civil War battles.
• If you wanted to know what the Civil War was like, would
you be better off reading an encyclopedia entry about the
war or would you be better off reading the diary of someone
who lived through the war?
– Explain which one would be better
• (at the top of your notes)
Lincoln Says….
• Read the speeches by president Lincoln.
• Answer the following question:
– What is Lincolns main argument?
– What is he saying and why is he saying this?
– Why would Lincoln give this speech at this
point in time?
– How would you reword the speech?
Presidential Reconstruction
• Started by Abraham Lincoln and carried out by
Andrew Johnson, the presidents wished no
revenge, no malice, no punishment for
Confederates
• Readmit southern states as quickly as possible,
and move forward together
• Why did the Lincoln & Johnson want to move
forward without punishment?
(Congressional)
Radical Reconstruction
• For some Republicans in Congress, the
presidential plan for Reconstruction wasn’t good
enough
– For them, the southern states would have to meet
certain requirements in order to rejoin the Union
• 13th Amendment: abolish slavery everywhere
• 14th Amendment: define citizenship for all persons
• 15th Amendment: guarantee voting rights for all
• Why do the Radical Republicans insist upon these
steps? Whose plan is more appropriate, the
president or the Congress?
Reconstruction Effects
• Schools were created, hospitals were built, African
American newspapers were created, there were African
American representatives in government from the South
– Morehouse College was founded in 1867
• The Freedmen’s Bureau provided everyday needs like
food, clothing, jobs, medicine and training
• Land was very tough to come by and so former slaves got
stuck in the cycle of sharecropping
• Northern carpetbaggers and southern scalawags played a
role as well in helping former slaves
• How was the sharecropping cycle dangerous?
Impeaching Andrew Johnson
• Congress impeached (accused) Johnson for
“high crimes and misdemeanors”
– He ignored laws that limited his powers
– He got in the way of congressional attempts to
reconstruct the South
– He pardoned former Confederate citizens
• Congress fell one vote short in the Senate of
convicting him and removing him from office
after a three month trial
• What does this tell us about the powers of
Congress and the president at this time?
Resisting Reconstruction
• Black Codes were written to control the lives of
freed slaves, taking away voting rights, controlling
their work, limiting their freedoms
• Secret societies like the Ku Klux Klan were born
to fight against Reconstruction and reclaim the
political and social superiority of white
southerners
• Political corruption also hurt progress and
Reconstruction ended after the Election of 1876
• By 1877, had Reconstruction
been a success?
Reconstruct the South!
• Your job as a northern politician is to decide on how the south
should be re-admitted into the union. You have a couple task at
hand that you must get in before the deadline.
• 1st task is to differentiate between presidential and congressional
reconstruction. You have been given the form to fill out for this task.
The form is labeled and the correct information should go under
each section.
• 2nd you must decide how the south should be re-admitted.
• I need to know if you are going to be taking sides with President
Lincoln, or New York Congressmen? What must the south do in
order to be reinstated? Who has to pay for the war? What laws
should apply to both north and south and only the south? Should
special privileges be given to certain states?
• You must record your answer. These will need to be submitted
along with your differentiation between congressional and
presidential reconstruction.