Transcript The Early Cold War

The Early Cold War
Ch 13.2
Tuesday, May 8, 2012
• Daily goal: Understand how Containment was
used in: Greece, Turkey and Korea War.
• Understand the significance of NATO, SEATO,
Warsaw Pact and Limited War.
DECISION # 1: TURKEY, 1946
The Soviet Union has laid claim to Turkish territory. The Russians are pressuring Turkey for joint
Soviet-Turkish administration of the Dardanelles. If the Soviet Union gains their objective
they will have unlimited access through the straits. This will allow them to move warships
from their Black Sea bases to the strategically important Mediterranean Sea. This Russian
access might allow the Soviets to dominate not only Turkey but also Greece and the Middle
East. Which of the following Options shall we recommend to the President?
DECISION # 1: TURKEY, 1946
The Soviet Union has laid claim to Turkish territory. The Russians are pressuring Turkey for joint
Soviet-Turkish administration of the Dardanelles. If the Soviet Union gains their objective
they will have unlimited access through the straits. This will allow them to move warships
from their Black Sea bases to the strategically important Mediterranean Sea. This Russian
access might allow the Soviets to dominate not only Turkey but also Greece and the Middle
East. Which of the following Options shall we recommend to the President?
OPTIONS...
A. Do Nothing: Turkey has a long border with Russia and it would be impossible for the United States to
defend her. We should urge U.N. action.
B. We should make a show of American military might by sending an aircraft carrier
group to Turkish waters. This will discourage Soviet claims and provide visible support
for our Turkish allies.
C. We should encourage our allies in the region, Italy, Greece, and France to deal with
the problem. They are much nearer Turkey and can respond question.
Answer is:
DECISION
#
2:
GREECE,
1947
In early 1947 Britain informed us (the United States) that they will be pulling their
soldiers out of Greece. This would mean a Communist takeover of Greece. At present
Communist guerrillas control much of the country. If Greece falls to Communism,
Turkey and much of the Middle East will be endangered. Which of the following
Options will we recommend to the President?
Why did the U.S.S.R. try to take over Greece, Turkey and Iran?
DECISION
#
2:
GREECE,
1947
In early 1947 Britain informed us (the United States) that they will be pulling their
soldiers out of Greece. This would mean a Communist takeover of Greece. At present
Communist guerrillas control much of the country. If Greece falls to Communism,
Turkey and much of the Middle East will be endangered. Which of the following
Options will we recommend to the President?
Why did the U.S.S.R. try to take over Greece, Turkey and Iran?
DECISION # 2: GREECE, 1947
In early 1947 Britain informed us (the United States) that they will be pulling their
soldiers out of Greece. This would mean a Communist takeover of Greece. At present
Communist guerrillas control much of the country. If Greece falls to Communism,
Turkey and much of the Middle East will be endangered. Which of the following
Options will we recommend to the President?
OPTIONS...
A. Greece is too near the Soviet Union for the U. S. to defend. We should concentrate our resources on
protecting Western Europe. A channel of communication should be opened with the Greek
Communists to prevent a complete takeover by the Soviets.
B. If Greece falls, U.S. interests will be severely impacted. We must send U.S. troops to replace the
departing British.
C. We should immediately send our Greek allies military and economic aid. This will give them the means
to defend themselves. No U.S. combat troops should be sent.
Answer is:
C
Greece and Turkey
• The first successful tests of the Truman
Doctrine and Containment
BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY FACED
COMMUNIST REVOLTS IN 1947 AND ASKED
THE U.S. FOR AID TO DEFEND THEMSELVES
FROM COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS
FIGHTING AGAINST COMMUNISTS IN
GREECE
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Discussion Question
• After the Communists backed by the Soviet
union had placed pressure on Greece and
Turkey, the United States feared other smaller
nations would be next.
• How might the United States help protect
these smaller nations and use Containment to
stop Communist expansion?
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NATO
• The US and its Western European allies
formed the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization, a defensive military alliance.
• NATO members promised to protect one
another if attacked.
• West Germany later rearmed and joined
NATO.
Think About it…
• How do you think the Soviet felt about NATO’s
creation and West Germany creating an Army
and joining the organization?
• What might the USSR (Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics) do in response to protect
itself and its allies?
WARSAW PACT MEMBERS
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WARSAW PACT
FORMED BY THE USSR TO COUNTER NATO IN EUROPE
MAY 1, 1955
“TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP, CO-OPERATION AND MUTUAL
ASSISTANCE”
BETWEEN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA, THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA,
THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, THE
POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, THE RUMANIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, THE UNION OF SOVIET
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, AND THE CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC.
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Warsaw Pact
• The Soviets organized their own military
alliance with its Satellite nations called the
Warsaw Pact.
NATO
Today
Chinese Civil War
Chiang Kai-shek
Nationalist Leader
MAO ZEDONG, COMMUNIST
LEADER
Both sides worked together to fight the Japanese
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TAIWAN
CHIANG KAI SHEK LEADER OF NATIONALIST
CHINA WAS FORCED TO FLEE TO THE ISLAND
OF TAIWAN TO ESCAPE THE COMMUNISTS
EVENTHOUGH THE U.S. SENT BILLIONS OF
DOLLAR IN SUPPORT
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IN FEBRUARY OF 1950 THE TWO GREAT COMMUNIST POWERS SIGNED THE SINO-SOVIET PACT.
THIS CREATED A BILATERAL DEFENSE COMMITMENT AND SETTLED BOUNDARY ISSUES. THE USSR
ALSO AGREED TO PROVIDE LIMITED AID TO CHINA.
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Red China
• Communists won the Chinese Civil War in
1949.
• The Nationalist Chinese fled to Taiwan.
• The US did not recognize China’s Communist
gov’t and supported Taiwan.
Think About it…
• The failure of Containment as China became
Communist made the United States rethink its
strategy in Asia.
• How might the United States prevent further
Communist expansion in Asia?
SEATO
• South-East Asian Treaty Organization was
created to contain communism in Asia.
NORTH KOREA
ON AUGUST 15TH 1948 THE REPUBLIC OF
SOUTH KOREA WITH ITS CAPITAL IN SEOUL IS
FOUNDED
38TH PARALLEL
ONE MONTH LATER THE COMMUNIST
KOREAN PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC IS
FOUNDED WITH ITS CAPITOL IN PYONGYANG
SOUTH KOREA
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The North Attacks
• 1950 – N. Korea
sent troops across
the 38th parallel
and attack S. Korea
• U.N. Security
Council called on
nations to send
troops to defend S.
Korea (90% of
troops were from
US)
NORTH KOREA
38TH PARALLEL DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN
NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA
SOUTH KOREA
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MACARTHUR WANTED TO USE ATOMIC BOMB TO DEFEAT N.
KOREA AND CHINA
•Truman disagreed with
MacArthur
•MacArthur went around
Truman, and began
talking to newspapers
and Congress
•Truman fired MacArthur
Macarthur's
farewell speech
37 minutes long
TV ad for Eisenhower
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The Korean War
• Communist North Korea invaded South Korea
across the 38th parallel testing the
Containment policy.
• The UN led by the American forces responded
by invading to protect South Korea.
• MacArthur lands, retook S. Korea, pushes past 38th parallel,
then attempts to take all of Korea
• China warned not to get too close to border
• China sent 300,000 troops – drove U.S. back to S. Korea
China enters the War
• MacArthur’s Army pushed the North Koreans
above the 38th parallel.
• China then joined the War.
• MacArthur asked Truman to drop A-Bombs on
China, but Truman remained committed to
limited war and fired MacArthur.
DWIGHT EISENHOWER WAS THE IMMENSELY POPULAR FORMER SUPREME
COMMANDER OF ALLIED FORCES IN WWII WON ELECTION AS PRESIDENT IN 1952 ON
THE “KCC” CAMPAIGN PROMISE: KOREA 1ST, THEN COMMUNISM AND CORUPTION
Eisenhower speaking to paratroopers prior to their jump
at Normandy in WWII
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THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH
WARFARE.
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PRESIDENT ELECT EISENHOWER
MAKES GOOD ON HIS PROMISE
AND VISITS KOREA IN DECEMBER
OF 1952
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IN MARCH OF 1953, JOSEPH STALIN, THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET
UNION, DIED. AFTER HIS DEATH, THE KOREAN PEACE NEGOTIATIONS TOOK A MORE
POSITIVE TURN.
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•July 27th 1953, after 3 years of
fighting an armistice was signed
ending the Korean Conflict at he
38th parallel
•Communism contained – WWIII
avoided
•Over 50,000 US troops killed
and billions spent
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Armistice
• Negotiations led to an Armistice (cease-fire),
but the “war” never officially ended.