Transcript Unit 10: WWI and the Russian Revolution

World War I and the Russian
Revolution
•Essential Questions
•Could World War I have been avoided?
•How did new military technologies make
warfare more destructive?
•Did the Allies lay the seeds for future problems
in the peace settlements of 1919?
•If you had been living in Russia in 1917, would
you have joined the Revolution?
I. The Outbreak of War
A. The World on the eve of World
War I
•No major war in
Europe for almost a
century
•Discontent brewing in
Turkey, Mexico, China
and Russia
•Social divisions and
authoritarian
governments
A. The World on the eve of World
War I
•Within the
AustrianHungarian
Empire, different
ethnic minorities
wanted
independence
and their own
nation-states
A. The World on the eve of World
War I
•Revolutionary
movement in
Russia in 1905,
Turkey in 1908,
Mexico in 1910 &
China in 1912
B. The Underlying Causes of the
World War I
•1) *Nationalism, is the
belief that each ethnic
group should have its own
nation.
•The promotion of ones
own nation’s interest,
assertion that their nation
is superior to others
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
B. The Underlying Causes of the
World War I
•This idea spread to the
Balkans, where Greece,
Serbia, Bulgaria, Albania
and Romania wanted their
own nation-state
•These demands
threatened to break the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
apart
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
B. The Underlying Causes of the
World War I
•2) *Imperialism,
Europe’s Great Powers
competed over
colonies, markets and
military power
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
B. The Underlying Causes of the
World War I
•Competing claims
created an atmosphere
of tension between the
major powers
•Competing economic
interests
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
B. The Underlying Causes of the
World War I
•3) *The Alliance
System
•Triple Alliance –
Germany, AustriaHungary & Italy
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
B. The Underlying Causes of the
World War I
•Triple Entente –
Russia, France &
Great Britain
•Alliances sought to
preserve the existing
balance of power, any
dispute threatened to
drag in all the others.
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
B. The Underlying Causes of the
World War I
•4) *Militarism, occurs
when military values
and goals take over
civilian society.
•Example, Otto Von
Bismarck had united
Germany through
Prussia’s military
power
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
B. The Underlying Causes of the
World War I
•Generals became
influential in
government
•Germany and
Britain competed to
build the most
powerful navy
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
Apply What you Have Learned
•Sometimes friends join together into groups to
have fun, but also to defend themselves against
members of other groups. How are such
relationships similar to the alliances formed by
the Great Powers of Europe?
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C. The Flashpoint that Ignites the
War
•Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, the heir to
the Austrian Empire,
was assassinated by a
member of the Black
Hand a Slavic
nationalist group.
•Austria-Hungary
invaded tiny Serbia
C. The Flashpoint that Ignites the
War
•The various
alliances set off
a chain reaction
•Within weeks
all the major
European
powers were at
war
C. The Flashpoint that Ignites the
War
•What began as
a minor regional
crisis in the
Balkans quickly
escalated into a
major conflict
D. Fighting The War
•Germany wanted to
avoid a two-front war
•Germany marched
through neutral
Belgium, but were
stopped before
reaching Paris
D. Fighting The War
•US President
Woodrow Wilson
asked Americans
not to take sides and
remain neutral
D. Fighting The War
•New and improved
weapons
•Machine gun, poison
gas, submarines, and
airplanes
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfarman.htm
Aircraft
(1914)
Improvements by 1918
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWalbatros.htm
The Machine Gun
D. Fighting The War
•New type of warfare,
Trench Warfare
•Both sides dug ditches to
create fortified positions
•Trenches separated by
fields of barbed wire and
mines known as “no
man’s land”
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-color.html
D. Fighting The War
•Soldiers spent years
in the trenches, facing
shelling from artillery
fire for hours each day
•Since neither side
could advance, fighting
lines became
stationary
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
Artillery
http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin13/imag1270.jpg
The
Paris
Gun
250 pound shells
D. Fighting The War
•Poison gas caused
high casualty rates
•Tanks were
introduced, but they
were still to primitive to
be effective
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
Tanks
Poison Gas
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTsargent.htm
Gassed
John Singer Sargent
D. Fighting The War
•Airplanes were used to
see what was going on
across enemy lines
•German submarines
called U-boats were
used to attack large
ships
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
Dirigibles (Zepplins)
D. Fighting The War
•Britain placed a
blockade around
Germany in an attempt
to starve them into
submission
•Each side tried to
mobilize all its
resources, turning the
war into a “total war”
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
Applying What You Have Learned
•During World War I, many new and deadly
weapons were used, such as machine guns,
artillery guns, U-boats (submarines), tanks,
poison gas, flamethrowers and aircraft. What
impact did the use of these weapons have?
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______________________________________
______________________________________
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______________________________________
F. The United States Helps Win The
War
•Great Britain, Russia,
France, Serbia, Belgium,
Italy, Romania, Greece
and Portugal became
known as the Allied
Powers
•Though America
remained neutral, they
were sympatric to Britain
and France
F. The United States Helps Win The
War
•American ships
sent supplies to the
Allies, they were
attacked by German
submarines
•The US finally
entered the war in
1917
F. The United States Helps Win The
War
•Russia dropped out of
the war in 1917
•President Wilson
announced his war
aims in the Fourteen
Points
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
F. The United States Helps Win The
War
•He wanted to redraw the
map of Europe so each
nationality had its own
state
•He demanded freedom of
the seas, an end to secret
diplomacy and the creation
of a League of Nations
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
F. The United States Helps Win The
War
•America’s entry into
the war broke the
deadlock in Europe
•In November 1918,
Germans laid down
their weapons and
surrendered
II. The Aftermath of World War I
•Human and
material cost
of World War I
were
staggering
•Millions of
people were
killed or
injured
II. The Aftermath of World War I
•Famine and
malnutrition threatened
many regions
•The governments of
Russia and Germany
were overthrown
Acting As An Amateur Historian
•Each nation that participated in
the war used posters as a way of
enlisting men and raising money
and resources for the war. The
poster on the left helps us
understand the concerns of the
British government. It emphasizes
the importance of service to the
country.
•On a separate sheet of paper,
create your own World War I
poster. Your poster should send
an important message related to
the war effort.
A. The Paris Peace Conference
(1919)
•Germans agreed to end the war and to
overthrow the Kaiser
•Allied leaders Woodrow Wilson (US), David
Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau
(France) met in Paris to negotiate the peace.
•Allied public opinion was eager for revenge
•The Treaty of Versailles (1919) turned out to
be extremely harsh on Germany
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
A. The Paris Peace Conference
(1919)
•The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
•1) Germany’s territorial losses, Poland,
territory to France and all overseas colonies
•2) Austria-Hungary and Turkey, AustroHungarian Empire was divided into several new
national states, Turkey lost territories in the
Middle East.
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
A. The Paris Peace Conference
(1919)
•The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
•3) Punishing Germany, Germany lost its navy, army
was reduced, they were forced to accept blame for
starting the war in the War Guilt Clause, and was
required to pay huge reparations (payments for
damages) to the Allies.
4) League of Nations, an organization of nations
pledged to defend each other against aggressors. The
League severely weakened when the United States
and Russia failed to join.
TEKS Government 20(D) Explain the significance of the League of Nations.
A. The Paris Peace Conference
(1919)
•Independent Poland, Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia were created
•Serbia combined with parts of Austria-Hungary
to create the new nation of Yugoslavia
•German colonies were given to Britain and
France as mandates, territories ruled like
colonies but subject to the supervision of the
League of Nations
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
A. The Paris Peace Conference
(1919)
•Covenant of the League of Nations,
purposed to promote disarmament and prevent
war
•The League had no military force of its own
•The League consisted of a Council,
representing the Great Powers, and an
Assembly in which all member states were
represented
•Court of International Justice
•TEKS Government 20(D) Explain the significance of the League of Nations.
Acting As An Amateur Historian
•Read the articles below from the Covenant of the
League of Nations and answer the questions that
follow.
•Article 10. The Members of the League undertake to…preserve against external
aggression the territorial integrity and political independence of all members.
•Article 11. Any war or threat of war…is hereby declared a matter of concern to the
whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise to
safeguard the peace of nations.
•Article 12. Members of the League agree that , if there should be arise a dispute
likely to lead to rupture, they will submit the matter…to the Council, and they agree in
no case to resort to war until three months after a report by the Council. The award of
the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time…
•Based on these articles, how did the authors of the
Covenant believe the League could prevent future
wars? ______________________________________
B. World War I and the Middle East
•World War I led to the end of the Ottoman Empire, the
Sultan had joined the Central Powers during the war
because Turkey opposed Russia
•Armenian Christian lived in the Ottoman Empire.
•Some Armenians sought an independent Armenian
State
•The Ottoman government began to disarm its
Armenian citizens
•Armenian political leaders, educators, writers and
clergy were jailed and then hanged or shot
•Citizenship 22(C) Identify examples of politically motivated mass murders in …
Armenia.
B. World War I and the Middle East
•Over a million Armenian men, women and
children were sent on death marches into the
Syrian desert.
•The Ottoman government also used firing
squads, burnings, drowning, poisons and drugs
against Armenian victims
•This political motivated mass murder became
known as The Armenian Massacres
•Citizenship 22(C) Identify examples of politically motivated mass murders in …
Armenia.
B. World War I and the Middle East
•After the war, the Allies took way Turkish
possessions of Arabia, Syria and Palestine
•The British government had promised Arab
groups their independence
•The areas where instead divided between
Britain and France as mandates under the
League of Nations
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
B. World War I and the Middle East
•Uprisings in Egypt and Arabia led to their
independence
•General Mustafa Kemal, known as Ataturk,
organized resistance to Allied attempts to
dismember Turkey.
•A secular state of Turkey emerged in 1920.
III. The Russian Revolution
•One of the most important consequences of
World War I was the Russian Revolution of
1917
A. The Roots of Revolution
•The Russian Tsars (emperors) ruled as
autocrats (absolute rulers)
•They used secret police and strict censorship,
new ideas were repressed.
•Most Russians were illiterate serfs who lived in
poverty.
•Small groups of nobles owned thousands of
serfs and enjoyed vast wealth
•Social conditions kept the country econoically
under-developed.
A. The Roots of Revolution
•Emancipation of the Serfs
•Crimean war
•Tsar Alexander II
•Emancipated (liberated) the serfs in 1861
Nicholas II (the last
Czar)
A. The Roots of Revolution
•“Autocracy, Nationality and Orthodoxy”
•Russification
•Pogroms (officially encouraged persecutions
against Jews)
B. Prelude to the Revolution
•The Revolution of 1905
•Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
•“Bloody Sunday”
•Tsar Nicolas II
•Duma
1905 Revolution
C. The Russian Revolution of 1917
The Revolution of 1917
C. The Russian Revolution of 1917
•The “February Revolution” (March 1917)
•TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October
(November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War
I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
C. The Russian Revolution of 1917
•The “October Revolution” (November 1917)
•Vladimir Lenin
•Lenin promised “Peace, Bread, and Land” to
Russian peasants
•TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October
(November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War
I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Lenin takes over
http://www.fbuch.com/leon.htm
C. The Russian Revolution of 1917
•Bolsheviks
•Communists
•Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(U.S.S.R.) or “Soviet Union”
•TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October
(November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War
I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
D. The Soviet Union Under Lenin:
1917-1924
•The Russian Civil War (1919-1921)
•“Reds”
•“Whites”
D. The Soviet Union Under Lenin:
1917-1924
•Lenin’s New Economic Policy or “NEP”
•Joseph Stalin
TEKS
•TEKS History 1(F) Identify major causes of world wars and
their impact on political, economic and social systems…
•TEKS History 10 The student understands the causes and
impact of World War I.
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism,
nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of
World War I.
•TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World
War I, including total war, trench warfare, modern military
technology and high casualty rates.
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow
Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the political and economic impact
of the Treaty of Versailles, including changes in boundaries and
the mandate system.
TEKS
•TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February
(March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia,
their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik
establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
•TEKS Geography 16(A) Locate places and regions of
historical significance directly related to major eras and turning
points in world history.
•TEKS Geography 16(C) Interpret maps, charts, and graphs to
explain how geography has influenced people and events in the
past.
•TEKS Government 20(D) Explain the significance of the
League of Nations.
•Citizenship 22(C) Identify examples of politically motivated
mass murders in … Armenia.
•Science, Technology, and Society 28(C) Explain the effects
of major new military technologies on World War I…
Territory
given
to Germany
8,500,000
Battlefield Deaths
http://www.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin13/imag1287.jpg
http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin09/imag0840.jpg
5-13,000,000
Civilian Dead