Transcript Norway`s old throne is resurrected

1814
THE ENORMITY OF 1814
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WHY 1814 – IN 1814?
The upheavals of 1814 were
the result of several factors:
The world: Notions of
freedom and power politics
The Nordic region: War,
years of want and Sweden’s
desire for Norway
Norway: Increased selfidentity and domestic
discontent
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NORWAY IN JANUARY 1814
• Poor peasant society
• Under Danish rule
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TURNING POINTS IN 1814
1.
2.
3.
4.
Treaty of Kiel: 14 January 1814
Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll: 10 April – 20 May
Convention of Moss: 14 August
Revised Constitution and Union with Sweden: 4 November
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1814
The Treaty of Kiel
14 January 1814
THE PEACE OF KIEL, 14 JANUARY
Karl Johan and Sweden attacked and defeated Denmark
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THE TREATY OF KIEL
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SCOPE FOR REVOLT
“Sweden was not immediately able to seize the prize that
Denmark had been compelled to surrender.”
(Jens Arup Seip)
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REVOLT FROM ABOVE
The Danish successor to the
throne Christian Frederik
mobilized Norwegian revolt
against the Treaty of Kiel in
February 1814
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MEETING OF NOTABLES AT EIDSVOLL, 16
FEBRUARY
“Nobody has more Right
now to the Norwegian
Crown than I or any other
Norwegian.”
Georg Sverdrup
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ELECTIONS TO THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
Extraordinary day of
prayer, 25 February:
1. Oath of
independence in
the churches
2. Election of
representatives
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1814
Constituent Assembly
at Eidsvoll
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, 10 APRIL – 20 MAY
112 representatives were
gathered at Eidsvoll for
40 days to draft a
Norwegian constitution.
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CHAIN OF EVENTS:
12 to 19 April:
Constituent Assembly elected committees and debated
important questions of principal.
20 April to 3 May: Most important work done in the committees – in particular
the Constitution Committee, which drafted proposals on what
the Constitution should l0ok like.
4 to 11 May:
Draft constitution deliberated in plenary session, with voting
done article by article.
12 to 20 May:
A committee examined the adopted text of the Constitution in
order to give it the “finishing touches”. The Constitution was
adopted as a complete document on 16 May. The Constitution
was signed on 17 May and Christian Frederik was elected King
the same day. The assembly was formally dissolved on 19 May,
and delegates took their leave the following day.
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THE CONSTITUTION
Sovereignty of the people
Separation of powers
Human and civil rights
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INDEPENDENCE OR UNION?
• The Constituent
Assembly also had to
clarify Norway’s relations
with Sweden.
“The Independence Party”
“The Union Party”
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“NORWAY’S OLD THRONE IS
RESURRECTED”
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1814
The Convention
of Moss
14 August 1814
ALONE IN EUROPE
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SHORT-LIVED WAR
Karl Johan back from the
campaign in Europe
Went to war with Norway
on 26 July to secure the
prize from Kiel
Swift Swedish advance and
Norwegian retreat
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PEACE PROPOSAL AND NEGOTIATIONS
• 7 August: Karl
Johan pledged to
respect the 17 May
Constitution in a
new peace proposal
• 10–14 August:
Negotiations on the
terms of peace took
place in Moss
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THE CONVENTION OF MOSS
Peace treaty signed in Moss
on 14 August
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1814
The November
Constitution
THE STORTING CONVENED FOR THE FIRST
TIME
The first extraordinary
Storting
• The Storting met for the
the first time on 7 October
1814
• Christian Frederik
abdicated on 10 October
• Formally, it was the
Storting that was to vote
for the union with Sweden
and the Swedish king
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NEGOTIATIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION
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THE 4 NOVEMBER CONSTITUTION
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INTO A NEW UNION
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FREEDOM AS A GIFT?
Ever since 1814, historians and others have debated what
really happened in 1814.
• “Freedom as a gift”
• Domestic processes
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CHRISTIAN FREDERIK
Saviour and hero, or tool and socialite?
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SWEDISH-NORWEGIAN WAR, SUMMER 1814
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