Transcript Industrialization - Chandler Unified School District

Reconstruction and
Industrialization
U.S. History Unit #9
Closure Question #1: Why was Reconstruction of the South likely to
be a difficult process?
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Era in which the U.S. Government struggled to return the
11 southern states to the Union, rebuild the South’s
ruined economy, & promote the rights of former slaves.
The Constitution provided no guidance on the secession or readmission of states. Some
argued that states should be allowed to rejoin the Union with few conditions. However, most
Americans believed that the defeated staes should first satisfy certain stipulations, such as
swearing loyalty to the federal government and adopting state constitutions that guaranteed
freedmen’s rights.
Between 1860 and 1870 the South’s share of the nation’s wealth dropped from more than
30% to 12%. 25% of white men between 20 and 40 years old died in the war. More than 3
million freed African Americans were without homes or jobs.
The 13th Amendment freed African Americans from slavery, but it did not grant them full
citizenship. While former slaves and Republicans supported extending full citizenship to
African Americans, most white southerners opposed the idea because they feared it would
undermine their power and status in society.
Reconstruction
1865-1877
Closure Question #2: Why do you think President Lincoln proposed
generous terms for Reconstruction in 1863?
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Radical Republicans – Politicians who supported
extending full-citizenship to African Americans and
punishing southerners by taking their land and giving
farms to freedmen.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)- Required a majority of the
south’s pre-war voters swear loyalty to the Union and
demanded guarantees of African American equality; the
Bill was vetoed by Abraham Lincoln.
Lincoln supported a more lenient plan for re-admitting the southern states into the Union.
His “Ten Percent Plan” stated that as soon as 10% of a state’s voters took a loyalty oath to
the Union, the state could set up a new government. If the state’s constitution abolished
slavery and provided education to African Americans, the state would regain representation
in Congress.
In his 2nd inaugural address Lincoln said “With malice towards none, and charity for all, with
firmness in the right as God gives to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are
in, to bind up the nation’s wounds…to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a
lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”
Radical Republicans / Wade-Davis Bill
Closure Question #3: How did the Radical Republicans try to protect the
rights of African Americans?
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Government institution from 1865 to 1872 which
focused on providing food, clothing, healthcare and
education for black and white refugees in the South.
The Freedmen’s Bureau was officially called the Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen , and Abandoned Lands; it was the brainchild of Radical
Republicans and received the support of President Lincoln just a few
weeks prior to his assassination.
 The Freedmen’s Bureau helped reunite families that had been
separated by slavery and war. It negotiated fair labor contracts
between former slaves and white landowners.
 By representing African Americans in the courts, the Bureau also
established a precedent that black citizens had legal rights.
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Freedmen’s Bureau
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Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) – Vice-President to Lincoln and
President of the United States from 1865 to 1868; Johnson
opposed giving rights to African Americans and pardoned
Southern military and political figures.
Despite a lack of formal schooling, Andrew Johnson became a skilled public speaker and
entered Tennessee politics as a Democrat. When Tennessee seceded in 1861, Johnson was
the only southern senator who refused to join the Confederacy. He believed that the
plantation-owning aristocrats of the south were to blame for the way, but he held the view of
most Southerners that African-Americans should be subservient to Anglo-Americans.
Impeach – To charge a political official with criminal activity
while in office in; President Johnson, a Democrat, was
impeached by the Republican controlled House of
Representatives for trying to fire Republican Secretary of War
Edwin Stanton. Previously, Congress had passed a law which
required the President to receive approval from the Senate
before removing certain officials from office. The trial, which
took place in the Senate, ended with Johnson being acquitted by
one vote.
Andrew Johnson / Impeach
Closure Question #3: How did the Radical Republicans try to protect the
rights of African Americans?
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Black Codes – Laws enacted after the Civil War that
sought to limit the rights of African-Americans and
keep them as landless workers.
With the encouragement of President Johnson, following the Civil War southern state
governments were re-established under the control of whites. These state government
did everything in their power, short of reintroducing slavery, to recreate the economic
system of the pre-war South. Some southern states even sent their Confederate
officials to the United States Congress.
Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Measure passed by Congress
which created federal guarantees of civil rights for AfricanAmericans and superseded any state laws that limited them;
the Act was vetoed by President Johnson.
Black Codes / Civil Rights Act of 1866
Closure Question #3: How did the Radical Republicans try to protect the
rights of African Americans?
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Passed by Congress in 1867 over the objections of
President Johnson; the 14th amendment guaranteed
equality under the law for all citizens, including
Freedmen. Under the law, any state that refused to allow
black people to vote would lose the number of seats in
the House of Representatives that were represented by
its black population. The amendment followed on the
momentum started by the official abolition of slavery
throughout the U.S.A. by the 13th Amendment.
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The 14th amendment also counteracted the President’s pardons by
barring leading Confederate officials from holding federal or state
offices. In 1867 Congress also passed the Military Reconstruction Act,
which divided the 10 southern states that had not yet been readmitted
to the Union into 5 military districts which were governed by former
Union generals.
Fourteenth Amendment
Closure Question #3: How did the Radical Republicans try to protect the rights of
African Americans?
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Passed in 1869, the 15th amendment prohibits any
state from denying the right to vote to any male on
the grounds of race, color, or previous conditions of
servitude.
Unlike previous measures, the guarantee applied to northern
states as well as southern states. Both the 14th and 15th
amendments were ratified by 1870, but both contained loopholes
that left room for evasion.
 States could still impose voting restrictions based on literacy or
property qualifications, which in effect would exclude most
African-Americans.
 The Amendment was passed by the Republican congress in
response to the election of 1868 in which the Republican
candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, was elected but his opponent,
Democrat Horatio Seymour, received a majority of white votes.
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Fifteenth Amendment
Answer the following questions based on
what you have learned from Chapter 12,
Section 1:
1. Why was Reconstruction of the South
likely to be a difficult process?
2. Why do you think President Lincoln
proposed generous terms for
Reconstruction in 1863?
3. How did the Radical Republicans try to
protect the rights of African Americans?
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Closure Assignment #1
Closure Question #1: How did Republican governments provide new
opportunities in the South?
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Scalawags – Term used by wealthy southerners for postwar politicians who prior to the Civil War were not allowed
to enter politics because of their wealthy neighbors.
Scalawags found allies in northern white or black men who relocated to the South.
They came seeking to improve their economic or political situations, or to help
make a better life for the freedmen. Many southern whites resented what they felt
was an invasion of northerners who came to make their fortunes from the South’s
misfortune. Almost 1,500 black men – some born free, some recently released
from slavery – helped usher the Republican Party into the South. These new black
citizens served as school superintendents, sheriffs, mayors, coroners, police chiefs,
and representatives in state legislatures. Six served as lieutenant governors.
Carpetbaggers – Term used by southerners for northern
Republicans who moved to the south to take advantage of
the weak economy there in order to become rich
themselves.
Scalawags / Carpetbaggers
Closure Question #2: How did social and economic life change for freed people?
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Segregation – Forced separation of individuals
according to their race.
Integration – Forced association of individuals
regardless of their race.
Mandated by Reconstruction state constitutions, public schools
grew slowly, drawing in only about half of southern children by
the end of the 1870s.
Establishing a new school was expensive, especially since
southerners chose to establish segregated schools. Still, the
establishment of a public school system in the south was a
major achievement of the Reconstruction Era.
Segregation / Integration
Closure Question #2: How did social and economic life change for freed people?
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Southern post-Civil War economic system in which a
landowner provided a sharecropper with a place to live
as well as seeds and tools in return for a “share” of the
harvested crop.
The landowner often bought these supplies on credit, at very high interest. The
landlord passed on these costs to the sharecropper. As a result, the
sharecroppers were perpetually in debt to the landowner, and the landowner
was always in debt to the supplier.
 One problem with this system was that most landlords, remembering the huge
profits from prewar cotton, chose to invest in this crop again. Dishonest
landowners could like about the cost of supplies devaluing the sharecropper’s
harvest that now amounted to less than the season’s expenses. As a result the
sharecropper could never move, because he always owed the owner the labor
for next year’s crop.
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Sharecropping
Closure Question #2: How did social and economic life change for freed people?
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Share-tenancy – Similar to sharecropping, except that
the farm worker chose what crop he would plant and
bought his own supplies, then gave a share of the crop
to the landowner.
Under share-tenancy the farm worker had a little more control over the cost of
supplies and, as a result, he might be able to grow a variety of crops or use
some of the land to grow food for his family. With these choices, it became
more possible to save money.
Tenant Farming – Southern economic system in which
the farmer paid cash rent to the landowner and then
was free to choose and manage his own crop.
Tenant farming was only possible for farmers that had good moneymanagement skills and some good luck.
Share-Tenancy / Tenant Farming
Closure Question #3: Why did racial violence increase after 1870? How did
the federal government respond.
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Formed in Tennessee in 1866; the KKK was a terrorist
organization which roamed the countryside, especially at
night, burning homes, schools, and churches, and beating
or killing African-Americans and their white allies.
Dressed in white robes and hoods, mounted on horses with hooves
thundering through the woods, these gangs aimed to scare freed people
away from voting.
 The Klan took special aim at the symbols of black freedom: African
American teachers and schools, churches and ministers, politicians, and
anyone – white or black – who encouraged black people to vote. As a
result of their efforts, African American voters in many rural counties
were too intimidated to vote.
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Ku Klux Klan
Closure Question #3: Why did racial violence increase after 1870? How
did the federal government respond.
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Also known as the Ku Klux Klan Acts; passed in 1870
and 1871 by the US Congress, making it a federal
offense to interfere with a citizen’s right to vote.
Congress used the acts to indict hundred’s of KKK
members throughout the South, leading to a decline in
violence against Republicans and African-Americans in
the South beginning in 1872.
Racial violence at the polls was not limited to the South. In the 1870 election
in Philadelphia, a company of marines was sent in to protect African American
voters. When no such protection was supplied for the 1871 elections, an
African American teacher, Octavius Catto, was killed in anti-black political riots.
 Though violence declined, it was far from extinguished. Always beneath the
surface, racial violence in the South repeatedly resurfaced in the United States
in the decades that followed.
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Enforcement Acts
Answer the following questions based on
what you have learned from Chapter 12,
Section 2:
1. How did Republican governments provide
new opportunities in the South?
2. How did social and economic life change
for freed people?
3. Why did racial violence increase after
1870? How did the federal government
respond.
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Closure Assignment #2
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Ulysses S. Grant was a popular war hero, but a disappointing
President. Allied with Radical Republicans, he promised to take a
strong stand against southern resistance to Reconstruction. But
Grant’s ability to lead was marred by scandal. He gave high-level
advisory posts to untrustworthy friends and acquaintances who
used their positions to grow rich. His own Vice President, Schuyler
Colfax, was investigated and implicated in a scheme to steal
profits from the Union Pacific Railroad. Americans sensed the aura
of greed surrounding American politics. When scandal swirled
around the members of his administration, Grant seemed to look
the other way.
The public’s discontent was worsened by economic turmoil and
uncertainty. In the fall of 1873, one of the nation’s most influential
banks failed, apparently as a result of overextended loans to the
expanding railroad industry. Suddenly, the southern economy was
not the only one in trouble. Across the nation, bank failures, job
losses, and the uncertain economy added to the concerns of
Americans, drawing attention away from “fixing” the South.
Closure Question #1: What factors contributed to the
refocusing of the nation away from the problems of the South?
Closure Question #1: What factors contributed to the refocusing of the
nation away from the problems of the South?
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New York Democrat and Senator who came to became a
symbol for the political corruption of the 1870s; in 1873
Tweed and other New York politicians were charged,
convicted, and sentenced to prison for stealing millions of
dollars from the New York City treasury.
Accusations of political corruption were made in both state and federal
governments in the post-Civil War Era. Even Ulysses S. Grant, former Union
General and President from 1869 to 1877, was accused of using his position to
enable untrustworthy friends and acquaintances to steal money from taxpayers.
Grant’s Vice-President, Schuyler Colfax, and brother were implicated in corruption
schemes.
 Thomas Nast, a New York journalist and cartoonist, was one of the key figures in
exposing political corruption. Through his drawings he attacked the major political
and social issues of the post-Civil War period. He is considered by some to be the
father of the American political cartoon.
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William Tweed
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Politicians in the 1870s who aimed to repair or “redeem”
the South in the eyes of Congress; through their efforts
wealthy white southern men reclaimed positions in state
governments and Democrats gained control of the House
of Representatives in 1874.
By the end of the 1860s, voters and politicians outside the South turned
their attention to other issues, such as reforming politics and the
economy. Gradually, beginning in 1871, Northern troops were withdrawn
from the South. In 1872 the Freedmen’s Bureau was eliminated.
 In the 1870s the Supreme Court made a series of rulings which chipped
away at the rights granted to African Americans in the 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments. For example, in the case of United States v. Cruikshank
(1876) the Supreme Court ruled that a white mob in Louisiana which had
killed a large group of African Americans at a political rally could not be
charged for their crimes since the Constitution only set regulations for
states, not for individual citizens.
 With the Radical Republican movement gradually fading away, Northern
whites increasingly joined with Southern whites in supporting policies that
restricted African American rights and encouraged segregation.
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Redeemers
Closure Question #2: Why did the goals of the Republican Party change
during the 1870s?
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Ohio Republican and former Union general who was chosen
as President following the election of 1876 in what came to
be known as the Compromise of 1877.
Hayes was a respected Union general who had served in the U.S. House of
Representatives in 1866. He resigned to become governor of Ohio, were he
developed a reputation for honesty and reform-mindedness. Hayes’ opponent, New
York Democrat Samuel Tilden, had been active in fighting corruption in New York
City. Both candidates held appeal for voters who were tired of corrupt leadership.
 In the election Tilden received 51% of the popular vote and won all of the southern
states. However, Republicans claimed that the votes had been miscounted in 3
southern states, which happened to be states where Republicans controlled the
reporting of ballots. Not surprisingly, in the recount, the Republicans found enough
mistakes to swing the election to Hayes by one electoral vote.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
Closure Question #2: Why did the goals of the Republican Party change
during the 1870s?
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Agreement reached between Republicans and Democrats
which made Republican Rutherford B. Hayes President and
required all Federal troops to be withdrawn from the South
and gave southern states federal subsidies to build
railroads and improve their ports. The Compromise of 1877
is considered the official end of the Reconstruction Era.
When southern Democrats protested the results of the Presidential Election of
1876, Congress created a commission of 5 senators (chosen by the Republicandominated Senate), 5 representatives (chosen by the Democratic-dominated House
of Representatives), and 5 Supreme Court Justices.
 The Commission reached the Compromise of 1877 as noted above. As part of the
Compromise also a southerner was appointed to a powerful Presidential cabinet
position. Following the Compromise the South and the millions of recently freed
African Americans were left to resolve conflicts without Federal intervention.
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Compromise of 1877
Closure Question #3: From the perspective of an African
American in the South, how was Reconstruction a
success and how was it a failure?
Before the Civil War, no African American in the South, and only a
small number in the North, had the right to vote. Few black
southerners owned land. Most worked others’ land, without pay,
and without hope of improving their lot.
 Reconstruction changed these things. By 1877, a few southern
black Americans owned their own farms. That number would grow
slowly through the next decades. Before the Civil War, most
southern African Americans worked – involuntarily – in
agriculture. Reconstruction began to give them choices. Perhaps
most importantly, the Freedmen’s Bureau helped reunite freed
slaves with their families and promoted literacy within African
American communities.
 Though it fell short of its ambitious goals, Reconstruction opened
new vistas for black Americans, North and South. The 13th, 14th,
and 15th amendments provided hope for full inclusion in American
society, though it would take later generations to use them to
gain racial equality.
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Answer the following questions based on what
you have learned from Chapter 12, Section 3:
1. What factors contributed to the refocusing of
the nation away from the problems of the
South?
2. Why did the goals of the Republican Party
change during the 1870s?
3. From the perspective of an African American
in the South, how was Reconstruction a
success and how was it a failure?
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Closure Assignment #3
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People who invest money in a product or enterprise in
order to make a profit. Entrepreneurs fueled
industrialization in the USA in the late 1800s, funding
inventors and establishing new businesses.
Entrepreneurs
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Taxes that made imported goods cost more than those
made locally. To encourage the buying of American goods,
Congress enacted protective tariffs in the late 1800s.
Protective Tariffs
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Laissez-faire - Economic policy which allows businesses to
operate under minimal government regulation.
Patent – A grant by the federal government giving the
inventor the exclusive right to develop, use and sell an
invention for a set period of time.
Laissez-faire / Patent
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Thomas Edison – One of history’s greatest inventors; In
his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey Edison
produced more than 1,000 patented inventions, including
the light bulb and motion pictures.
Bessemer Process – Developed by Englishman Henry
Bessemer in the 1850s; Method of purifying iron,
resulting in strong, but lightweight, steel.
Thomas Edison/
Bessemer Process
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Bridges in which the roadway is suspended by steel
cables.
Suspension Bridge
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In 1884, delegates from 27 countries divided the
globe into 24 time zones, one for each hour of the
day, to enable railroad lines to accurately predict
times of arrival and departure.
Time Zones
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Systems of turning out large numbers of products
quickly and inexpensively; these systems depend on
machinery to complete tasks previously done by hand.
Mass Production
Closure Question #3: Explain why you agree or disagree with
this statement: “The late 1800s was a time of great progress
for all Americans.”
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Industrialization touched every aspect of American life,
from the way businesses and farms operated to the kinds
of products Americans used. By the 1880s, American
exports of grain, steel, and textiles dominated international
markets. With almost as many miles of railroad track as the
rest of the world combined, the United States could easily
transport goods where they were made or grown to ports
where they could be shipped around the world.
Massive changes in industry altered how Americans lived
and worked. Even farms became mechanized, meaning that
fewer farm laborers were needed to feed the nation. Outof-work farmers and their families moved to urban areas to
find work, especially in the increasingly industrial North.
Many moved to manufacturing centers that had sprung up
around growing factories or industries. The mass
production of goods meant that these new urban dwellers
had easy access to supplies, yet they faced higher costs of
living and performed repetitive work in factories.
Answer the following questions based on what
you have learned from Chapter 13, Section 1:
1. Would you characterize all of the
government’s policies in the late 1800s
toward business as laissez faire? Explain your
answer.
2. How did the system of patents encourage
innovation and investment?
3. Explain why you agree or disagree with this
statement: “The late 1800s was a time of
great progress for all Americans.”
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Closure Assignment #4
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A form of group ownership in which a company is owned by
a number of people who buy a percentage of the company,
known as a stock.
Corporation
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Monopoly – Complete control of a product or service. A
monopoly is achieved when one corporation buys out its
competitors or drives them out of business.
Cartel – An agreement among corporations to limit the
production of a product in order to keep prices high.
Monopoly / Cartel
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Oil Entrepreneur and the world’s first billionaire;
Rockefeller established his company, Standard Oil, as the
producer of over 70% of all oil in the United States through
the use of vertical and horizontal integration.
John D. Rockefeller
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Horizontal Integration – Business practice of
consolidating many companies that produce similar
products into one giant corporation. (Merger)
Vertical Integration – Business practice of gaining
control of many different businesses that make up
all phases of a product’s development.
Horizontal Integration /
Vertical Integration
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Steel tycoon, Multi-Millionaire and Philanthropist; The son
of working-class immigrants, Carnegie began work at the
age of 14 and gradually worked his way up, first through
railroad investments and later in the steel industry. He
represents the “Rags to Riches” idea believed by
capitalists.
Andrew Carnegie
Robber Barons – Derogatory term used to describe shrewd
entrepreneurs because of their capacity to harm the poor,
forcing smaller companies out of business, paying workers
low wages, and charging consumers high prices.
 Captains of Industry – Positive term used to describe
entrepreneurs who established successful business that
provided jobs for the growing labor-force, used efficient
business practices, supported the development of
technology, and made charitable donations to establish
universities, museums, and libraries.
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Robber Barons /
Captains of Industry
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Belief that Charles Darwin’s biological idea of “survival of
the fittest” should also be applied to social and economic
issues; Social Darwinists believe that wealth is a measure
of one’s inherent value and those who had it were the
most “fit”.
Social Darwinism
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Established in 1887 to oversee railroad operations; the
first federal organization ever set up to monitor
American business operations.
Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC)
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Passed in 1890, the act outlawed any trust that
operated “in restraint of trade or commerce among the
several states.”; however, for more than a decade the
provision was seldom enforced.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Answer the following questions based on what you
have learned from Chapter 13, Section 2:
1. Why did business leaders create new forms of
ownership like monopolies, cartels, and trusts?
2. How accurate is it to describe business leaders
like Rockefeller and Carnegie as both “robber
barons” and “captains of industry”?
3. What does the fact that government regulation of
business was not very successful at first tell you
about the relationship between government and
big business?

Closure Assignment #5
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Sweatshops – Small, hot, dark, and dirty workhouses
in which workers, usually immigrants, labored 12
hours a day, 6 days a week for low wages.
Company Towns – Isolated communities located near
workplaces and owned by businesses and rented to
employees.
Sweatshops / Company Towns
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Negotiating as a group for higher wages or better
working conditions; one form of collective bargaining is
a strike, in which workers stop working until certain
demands are met.
Collective Bargaining
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Leader of the Knights of Labor, a labor union
established in 1869 which included all workers of any
trade, skilled or unskilled, black or white. Powderly
assumed leadership of the Knights in 1881 and
encouraged boycotts and negotiation with employers.
.
Terrence V. Powderly
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Samuel Gompers – Founder of the American
Federation of Labor in 1886; the AFL was a craft
union, and only skilled workers devoted to specific
crafts or trades could join.
Samuel Gompers / American
Federation of Labor (AFL)
Haymarket Riot – Begun as a peaceful protest as part of a
campaign for an 8 hour workday at Haymarket Square in
downtown Chicago on May 4th, 1886; A bomb exploded in the
middle of the protest, killing dozens of policemen and protesters.
The Knights of Labor were blamed for the riot and membership in
unions nationwide declined.
 Homestead Strike – Steelworkers strike at a Carnegie Steel plant
in Homestead, Pennsylvania in the summer of 1892. The workers
protested a wage cut by holding the factory hostage. A standoff
ensued between the workers and the Pinkertons, a private police
force hired by Carnegie. Several strikers were killed and wounded
in the standoff, and in November the strike was discontinued.
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Haymarket Riot /
Homestead Strike
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Leader of the American Railway Union and organizer
of the Pullman Strike in 1894; imprisoned for 6
months for his role in the strike, Debbs became a
convert to Socialism while in prison.
Eugene V. Debbs
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American Railroad Union nationwide strike which took
place in 1894; the strike began in response to a wage cut
ordered by George Pullman, owner of the Pullman Palace
Car Company. Supporting Pullman, President Grover
Cleveland sent in federal troops to end the strike, setting a
precedent of government opposition to labor unions.
Pullman Strike
Answer the following questions based on
what you have learned from Chapter 13,
Section 3:
1. What does the prevalence of child labor in
the 1800s tell you about how society
viewed children at the time?
2. Why were employers generally opposed to
labor unions?
3. Why did the major strikes of the late
1800s lead to a backlash against labor
unions?
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Closure Assignment #6