Transcript unreasonable and unfavorable opinion of a group Uncle

The Civil War
Two Nations
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The Case Against Slavery
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Slavery violated basic foundation
of US
Prejudice – unreasonable and
unfavorable opinion of a group
Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet
Beacher Stowe
Epitome of slavery and
northerners feelings
Southern Views on Slavery
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Spoke out against Northerners
Argued that leaders had slaves so
cant be all bad
Annexation of Texas
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1836 – Texans voted to
annex(join) the US
South and Dems wanted to make
it a slave state
North and Whigs didn’t want
South to have more power
Thought annexing lead to war
with Mexico
Santa Anna threatened in 1843
Annexation approved Feb 1845
War with Mexico
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Dispute over Southern boarder
Pres. Polk wanted more than just
Texas
Sent Ambassador Slidell to buy
NM and CA for $30 mil
Mexico wouldn’t let him in
Polk sent 3000 troops under
Zachery Taylor
Declared war May 13, 1846
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Feb 2, 1848
Four Concessions
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Mexico loses TX to Rio Grande River
Mexico loses part of NM and CA
US pay 15 million
US pays damage claims of citizens (3 mil)
Five years later – Gadsden Purchase
– NM & AZ (10mil)
Opened west for expansion
Left Mexicans bitter
Effects of the Missouri Compromise
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Many problems since signed in 1820
Only dealt with states not territories
New Mexican territory was south of 36 degrees
Compromise of 1850
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Clay Proposes a compromise
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3 Key players
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John Calhoun of SC
Daniel Webster of Mass.
Henry Clay of Kentucky
Clay proposes five laws to help
with slavery
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CA admitted as a free state
NM & UT can decide on slavery
Abolish sale of slaves, but not slavery
in DC
TX would give up claim to NM for
$10 mil
Fugitive Slave Act – All people
required to help return any runaway
slaves, slaves do not get jury trial
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Sen. Stephen Douglas of Illinois
Wanted new states linked to Chicago by RR
Wanted to be president
2 new non slave states would anger South
January 1854
Popular sovereignty – let people in territory decide slavery
Wanted to repeal Missouri Compromise
Passed – north hated it, Douglas = sellout
The Creation of the Republican Party
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Northerners were outraged by KNA
Created Republican Party to fight “Slave Power”
“Bleeding Kansas”
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John Brown – God’s instrument to end slavery
May 24, 1856 killed 5 proslavery men and looted
Many more raids and counter raids
Bleeding Sumner
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Violence spread to the capitol
Charles Sumner gave speech on crimes in Kansas
Insulted the Southerners esp. Andrew Butler of SC
Preston Brooks, his nephew was mad
Approached Sumner’s desk and beat him with cane
Sumner never recovered
Northerners were outraged
The Dread Scott Decision
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March 1857
Dread Scott filed against his master
Once lived in free areas = that made him free
Ruled 7 to 2 against Scott
Slavery are property not people, so cant sue
Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional
Cant be free just being in a free place
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
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Stephen Douglas of Kansas-Nebraska Act
Douglas –Little Giant, short, stout, white supremacy
Competing against little known Abraham Lincoln
7 Debates
Lincoln – lawyer, tall, awkward, thin, quiet, plain clothes
Debated 2 ideas – majority rule and minority rights
Lincoln – slavery is bad, majority cant deny minority their
rights
1858 – Douglas won senate seat
John Brown’s Raid
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Oct 16, 1859 – attack on federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry,VA
Wanted to give weapons to slaves
Dreamed of huge uprising
Col. Robert E. Lee defended the arsenal
Killed half of Brown’s men
Brown was hanged
Seen as a martyr
Election of 1860
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Dem Party met to choose nominee
Slavery was main issue
Southern delegates left to choose own nominee
Whig and American Parties met in Baltimore
Became Constitutional Union Party
Republicans met in Chicago
Chose Abraham Lincoln
Election showed N/S line
Lincoln’s name not on most Southern ballots
Won 39% of vote and 180 Electoral votes
Lower South Secedes
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Mad that Lincoln won without any southern votes
Southerners wanted to leave the Union
Secessionists – thought who wanted South to secede
States choose to join so can choose to leave
South Carolina leaves December 20, 1860
6 more joined
Confederate States of America
President Jefferson Davis
The War Starts –
Last Minute Compromises Fail
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Many believe secession was illegal
Tried to compromise over slavery
Lincoln – secession was wrong but slavery couldn’t
expand
Had to focus on laws of country
Fort Sumter
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Charleston, SC April 1861
SC left union but troops still at Sumter
Confederate Forces wouldn’t allow supplies in
Tried to resupply for weeks
Gen Beauregard took by force
Beginning of Civil War
The Upper South Secedes
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Lincoln had to respond to Sumter
Called for volunteers for the Army
Upper South (VA, NC, TN, AR) left
Strengths of the North
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2x Railroad
2x manufacturing
More money
Functions government
2/3rds of pop lived there
Could have army and maintain economy
Fighting evil
Strengths of the South
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Most trained officers
Had to maintain defense to win
Moral preservation
Union Military Strategies
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Navel blockade of
South
Use troops and
gun boats on
Mississippi River
Gen Winfield
Scott’s plan –
Anaconda Plan
Seized Confed
capital of
Richmond
Confederate War Strategies
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Prepare and wait
War of attrition – one side inflicts losses until other gives up
Stopped export of cotton
Thought Europe would miss it
and aid them
Europe turned to India cotton
Blockade let nothing out
No exports = no money =
no weapons
Tactics and Technology
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Old style war wasn't going to work
New bullets went straighter
Rifles sent bullets 5x further
Shells- devices that exploded in air or against something
Canister – shell filled with bullets
The Battle of Antietam
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General Robert E. Lee wanted to invade North
Antietam, Maryland September 17
South outnumbered more than 2 to 1
In 3 hours losses – Union 12000, Confed 14000
Politics in the South
Mobilizing for War
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Lee calls for draft
3 yrs of service for white males 18-35
Age range became 50 years old
Gov took control of economy
1/10th of farmers product given to the Gov
Male slaves could be seized for military
The North’s Mobilization
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Financial Measures
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1861 – 1st federal income tax passed
Tax on liquor, tobacco, medicine, newspaper
Most taxes repealed after war
Congress created National currency = greenbacks
Not backed by gold
Opposition to the War
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Had draft, too
Riots against it
Copperheads – Dems who opposed war and republican power
Emancipation and The War
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Lincoln and Slavery
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Didn’t think it was his duty to
end slavery
Saw it as a war time strategy
January 1st, 1863
Freed the slaves
Reaction to Proclamation
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Upset only freed slaves in Confed areas controlled by Union
South condemned it
Europe saw it as a chance to get away from the South
African Americans Join the War
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The Contraband Issue
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Left behind slaves taken by Union Army
Contraband – captured items became property of taker
Union Army employed newly freed slaves
African American Soldiers
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1865 – 180,000 AAs in the Union Army
½ were freed Southern Slaves
All black regiments formed
The Hardships of War
Changes
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E.P and black troops changed slaves in the South
Escaped or hindered plantation work
Men off fighting , women were running things
The Southern Economy
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Food shortages
Less people farming because off fighting
Looting and riots at bakeries
Industrial manufacturing did grow to make weapons
Mostly women workers
Inflation made profiteers rich
The Northern Economy
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Industry got bigger, especially war related
Women workers paid less = more profit
Prison Camps
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Captured prisoners treated well over all
Andersonville – 26 acre field to hold 10,000 men
35,000 housed, 100 a day died
Medical Care
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1/4th soldiers didn’t survive
Disease killed most
3x more likely to die in camp
than battle
Doctors didn’t
clean instruments
Clara Barton
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Collected supplies for the field
“Angel of the battlefield”
Founded the Red Cross
4000 women became field nurses
Set up sanitation commission to clean camps
The Battle of Gettysburg
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Union had low morale due to huge losses
South was short on supplies marching North
Wanted win on Union land
Needed shoes – supply in Gettysburg, PA
July 1, 1863
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Gunfire drew both sides units to town
Gen George Meade – new Union Gen arrived
Armies took up position on hills 4 miles long
Union line – Cemetery Ridge
Confed line – Seminary Ridge
July 2, 1863
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Confed attacked at 4pm instead of 6am
Fought into the night
When out of ammo, used bayonets
July 3, 1863
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Early morning scuffle
1pm – 150 Confed cannons started firing
Infantry rushed center of Union line
Pickett's Charge – 15000 Confeds mile long, 3 deep
Union fired canister shells
30 min later – no men left
Losses – Union 23000, Confed 28000
Lee lost 1/3rd of his army
Bloodiest battle of the Civil War
Importance of 1863
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July 4, 1863 – turning day of the war
Lee’s army was small and shrinking
Union kept taking Confed forts
Calls for peace began
The Gettysburg Address
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Nov 19, 1863 – 15,000
came
Dedication of cemetery
Featured Edward Everett
– famous Public Speaker
Gave 2 hour intro to
Pres. Lincoln
Lincoln spoke for 2
minutes
War was terrible &
Union needed to be
restored
Grant Takes Command - 1864
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South’s strategies – hold
on, especially to Richmond
Election in Nov, thought
Lincoln would be replaced
Lincoln put Grant in
control of Army
Sherman in Georgia
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Same plan as Grant’s
Had 98000 troops
Plan to seize Atlanta
The Capture of Atlanta
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Opponent was Gen Joseph Johnston
Tried to hold Sherman back until November
By July, Union 3 miles from ATL
Pres. Davis replaced
Johnston with Hood
Engaged Union but
soon retreated to ATL
After month of Siege,
Sherman won
Sherman Marches to the Sea
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Plan to capture Savannah
Burned down Atlanta and left
Made 300 mile path of destruction
December 21, entered city
The Election of 1864
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Lincoln assumed he’d be beaten
Had to fight Fremont for Republican nomination
Dems chose Gen. George McClellan
Lincoln won 212 of 233 EV
A New Birth of Freedom
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Feb 1865 – 13th Amendment passed
Ended slavery forever
The End of the War
Sherman Moves North
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Left Savannah for SC
SC seen as heart of rebellion
Wanted to destroy resources and crush South’s will
Demolished everything in its way
Feb 17 – Columbia burned down
Surrender at Appomattox
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Desertions rose rapidly
Lee and 35000 went to meet Johnston’s troops
Lee disbanded and told to fight as guerrillas
Lee and Grant met in a private home
Talked briefly – weather, families
Surrender Terms
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South Soldiers can go home
Won’t be tried as long as they
obey laws
Freed soldiers in camps
Lincoln Is Assassinated
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Southern troops surrender through Aprils
Southern conspirators lead by John Wilkes Booth
Plan – kidnap Lincoln in exchange for Confed prisoners
Unsuccessful so plan changed to murder
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April 14, 1865 @ Ford’s Theater
Shot Lincoln and jumped to stage, broke leg, ran
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Refused to surrender and was shot
Lincoln died the next day
Funeral Train – 14 days to Springfield, IL