Transcript SIG

THE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTION
RECONSTRUCTING SOCIETY
THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 12
The Defeated South
Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North
and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War?
A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many
Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.
Main Idea
• Northern leaders had different ideas for
dealing with the many issues and
challenges of restoring the southern states
to the Union
After the Civil War
• The Civil War was the most costly war in American History in
terms of total devastation.
• At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some
experts say the toll reached 700,000.
• These casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars,
from the Revolution through Vietnam.
Amazing War Losses
300,000
250,000
200,000
North
South
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Battle
Sickness
Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865
Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell
- Richmond, VA, April 1865
Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works - Richmond,
VA, April 1865
Above: Charleston, South
Carolina
Right: Atlanta, Georgia
Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot Richmond, VA, 1865
A Southern armored railroad gun
has gone as far as it can on these
rails, typifying Civil War
destruction of Southern railroad
tracks. (Virginia)
This famous photo was taken
looking across the ruins of the
railroad bridge in
Fredericksburg, Virginia
· Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education.
Left and
right:
post-Civil
War Ohio
Atlanta, GA
RECONSTRUCTION
• Main Idea – Radical
Republicans in
Congress opposed
Abraham Lincoln’s
and Andrew
Johnson’s plans for
Reconstruction and
instead implemented
its own plan to rebuild
the South after the
Civil War.
RECONSTRUCTION
• Reconstruction (18651877)– def. – period
during which the
United States began
to rebuild after the
Civil War and
included the process
by which the federal
government
readmitted former
Confederate states
PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION
• Lincoln and
Johnson
• Radical
Republicans
LINCOLN AND JOHNSON
• Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan –
• argued that the southern states
had never left the Union because
secession was illegal– one nation
indivisible
• when 10% of voters pledged
allegiance to the U.S. – state could
be readmitted to U.S.
• very lenient – goal was to readmit
southern states as quick as
possible, not to punish the South
•
“with malice towards none, with
charity for all…to bind up the
nation’s wounds”
• Nothing included about AfricanAmericans
• Johnson’s Presidential
Reconstruction – also very
lenient toward the South
RADICAL REPUBLICANS
• Radical Republicans –
northern members of
Congress, led by
Charles Sumner and
Thaddeus Stevens, who
opposed Lincoln’s Ten
Percent plan and
Johnson’s plan
• Wanted to punish the
southern slave owners
• Wanted to give AfricanAmericans the right to
vote
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
• Radical Republicans took
control of Reconstruction
policy in 1866
• 14th Amendment – states
were prohibited from
denying equal rights under
the law to any American
• SIG - granted citizenship
rights to African-Americans
• Reconstruction Act of 1867
– divided former
Confederacy into 5 military
districts (military
occupation), set up new
requirements to gain
readmission to the Union
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
• Johnson’s impeachment –
Radical Republicans
impeached Johnson, but
he was not removed from
office
• Impeach – def. formal
charge of misconduct in
office
• 15th Amendment – voting
rights were guaranteed
regardless of “race, color,
or previous condition of
servitude”
• SIG - gave African
American men the right to
vote
POLITICS IN POST WAR SOUTH
• Republican Party in the
South relied on 3 groups
• African Americans – right
to vote guaranteed by 15th
Amendment
• Sharecropping – many
African-Americans rented
land from plantation owners
in return for a share or
percentage of the total crop
produced
• Scalawags – Southerners
who became Republicans
• Carpetbaggers –
Northerner Republicans
who moved to the South
THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION
• Anti-Black Violence
• Election of 1876
• Compromise of
1877
THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION
• Anti-Black violence
– goal was to
prevent African
Americans from
voting
• Ku Klux Klan (KKK) –
violent terrorist
organization devoted
to white supremacy
THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION
• Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes
(Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden
(Democrat)
• Tilden won the popular vote, Hayes won
the electoral college
• South upset and disputed the election
THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION
• Compromise of 1877 –
agreement to settle the
disputed election
• Hayes (Republican) =
president
• Republicans would end
military occupation of the
South ended
• White Democrats took control
of southern state governments
= “Redemption”
• SIG – Reconstruction is ended
• white southern Democrats passed
“Jim Crow Laws” – called for
segregation of the races
throughout the South
• African Americans denied their
constitutional rights
CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE &
SETTLING ON THE GREAT PLAINS
CHAPTER 13
CULTURES CLASH
• Main Idea – The
cattle industry
boomed in the late
1800s, as the culture
of the Plains Indians
declined. Settlers
on the Great Plains
transformed the
land despite great
hardships.
SETTLERS PUSH WESTWARD
• Background: Following the
Civil War, the westward
movement of settlers
increased in the region
between the Mississippi River
and the Pacific Ocean.
• Great Plains – def. – the
grassy lands that extend
through the western-central
portion of the United States
• Settlers focused on settling
and farming the Great Plains
• SIG – multiple conflicts with
Native Americans resulted
• Native American groups were
placed on reservations
throughout the Great Plains
CATTLE BECOME BIG BUSINESS
• Background: Following the
Civil War, railroads reached
the Great Plains at the same
time that the demand for
beef increased in eastern
cities.
• Cowboy – def. - herder of
cattle on the Great Plains
who could round up, rope,
brand, and care for cattle
during long cattle drives in
the American West
• Long cattle drive –
transporting of cattle over
unfenced grazing lands
between Texas and railroad
centers on the Great Plains
SETTLERS MOVE WESTWARD TO FARM
• Transcontinental
Railroad
• Homestead Act
• Oklahoma Land
Rush
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
• Background: Following
the Civil War, railroads
became very important
in opening western lands
to settlers and
transporting crops to
eastern markets
• Transcontinental Railroad
(est. 1869)– linked eastern
and western markets and
led to increased
settlement of western
lands from the Mississippi
River to the Pacific
Ocean
HOMESTEAD ACT
• Homestead Act
(1862) – offered 160
acres of land in the
West (for free) to any
citizen who would
settle and farm the
land for 5 years
• 600,000 families took
advantage of this
government offer
• Many homesteaders
were southerners –
both White and
African-American
OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH
• Oklahoma Land
Rush (1889) – landhungry settlers
raced to claim
lands in a massive
land rush, people
who left too early =
Sooners
SUPPORT FOR FARMERS
• New Technology
• Agricultural
Education
NEW TECHNOLOGY
• steel-tipped plow –
invented by John Deere,
helped farmers slice
through heavy soil
• mechanical reaper –
invented by Cyrus
McCormick, increased
speed of harvesting
wheat
• barbed wire – prevented
animals from trampling
crops or wandering off
from farms
• SIG – made farming more
efficient and prosperous
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
• Morrill Act (1862) –
federal government
gave land to states
to build agricultural
schools (ex: Virginia
Tech)
• SIG – innovations and
education led to
more productive
harvests
RESULTS
• Overall – By 1900,
the Great Plains
and the Rocky
Mountain region of
the American West
was no longer a
mostly unsettled
frontier, but instead
it became a region
of farms, ranches
and towns
THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY &
BIG BUSINESS AND LABOR
CHAPTER 14 - SECTIONS 1+3
THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY & BIG
BUSINESS AND LABOR
• Main Idea – At the end
of the 19th century,
natural resources,
creative ideas, and
growing markets fueled
an industrial revolution.
The expansion of
industry resulted in the
growth of big business
and prompted laborers
to form labor unions to
better their lives.
INVENTIONS PROMOTE CHANGE
• Bessemer Steel
Process
• Light Bulb
• Electricity
• Telephone
• Airplane
• Assembly-Line
Manufacturing
BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS
• (Henry Bessemer) –
def. - new
manufacturing
process to make
steel
• SIG - new steel
products used for
building railroads and
skyscrapers
LIGHT BULB
• (Thomas Edison) –
new development
to serve as a source
for light
• SIG – made work less
dependent on
natural sunlight
ELECTRICITY
• (Thomas Edison) new power source
for businesses and
homes
• SIG – electric power
ran industrial
machines that could
be located
anywhere
TELEPHONE
• (Alexander Graham
Bell) – revolutionized
communications in
business
• SIG – saved time and
created new clerical
jobs for women in
business
AIRPLANE
• (Wright Brothers) –
allowed for
movement of goods
and eventually
people by air travel
• First flight = Kitty Hawk,
NC in 1903
• SIG – led to the
creation of a U.S.
airmail system by 1920
ASSEMBLY-LINE MANUFACTURING
• (Henry Ford) – broke
industrial tasks down
into simpler parts
and improved
efficiency in
production of cars
• SIG – allowed for
increased efficiency
in production for
many industrial
products
LEADERS OF INDUSTRY (AKA “ROBBER
BARONS”)
• Andrew Carnegie
• J.P. Morgan
• John D. Rockefeller
• Cornelius Vanderbilt
ANDREW CARNEGIE
• Steel Industry
• Scottish immigrant who
rose from “rags to riches”
• Carnegie Steel Company
– made more steel than
any other company in US
• Developed a monopoly –
def. – complete control
over an industry’s
production, wages, and
prices when all
competitors are bought
out
J.P. MORGAN
• Banking and Finance
• Formed a holding
company – def. –
corporation that did
nothing but buy out
stock of other
companies
• Bought out Carnegie
Steel in 1903 to create
U.S. Steel = world’s
largest business
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
• Oil Industry
• Standard Oil Company
– controlled 90% of all
U.S. oil production
• Controlled other
companies by forming
a trust – def. – several
corporations made an
agreement to be run
by one executive
board that ran the trust
like one big company
• Standard Oil
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT
• Railroads
• Dominated control of
much of the nation’s
railroad lines in the
Northeast and
Midwest
REACTIONS AGAINST INDUSTRIALISTS
• Carnegie, Morgan,
Rockefeller, and
Vanderbilt were
called “Robber
Barons” by critics
• Critics said they were
making money in a
corrupt manner
REACTIONS AGAINST INDUSTRIALISTS
• Sherman Antitrust Act
(1890) – made it illegal to
form a trust that
interfered with or
“restrained” free trade
• SIG - limited impact at first
– corporations were able
to win court cases and
continue consolidation
tactics
• Unsafe working
conditions and low pay
caused workers/laborers
to form Labor Unions
devoted to improving the
lives of workers
LABOR UNIONS EMERGE
• Knights of Labor
• American
Federation of Labor
(AFL)
• American Railway
Union (ARU)
• International Ladies’
Garment Workers’
Union
KNIGHTS OF LABOR
• founded by Uriah
Stephens in 1869
• Open to all workers
regardless of skill
level, race or gender
• Supported an 8 hour
workday
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR
(AFL)
• founded by Samuel
Gompers in 1886
• Open to skilled workers
only
• Favored collective
bargaining – def. –
negotiation between
management and
representatives of labor
to reach an agreement
on wages, hours, and
working conditions
• Used strikes when
necessary
AMERICAN RAILWAY UNION (ARU)
• founded by Eugene
V. Debs (Socialist)
• Open to all workers
within a specific
industry (railroads)
regardless of skill level
• Used strikes when
necessary – involved
in the Pullman Strike
INTERNATIONAL LADIES’ GARMENT
WORKERS’ UNION
• founded by Pauline
Newman
• Labor union devoted
to female workers in
the textile industry
• Used strikes when
necessary
• Triangle Shirtwaist
factory fire - New York
City in 1911
• 146 people (mostly
women) died as a result
STRIKES TURN VIOLENT
• Haymarket Square
• Pullman Strike
• Homestead Strike
HAYMARKET SQUARE
• Chicago 1886
• Bomb exploded in a
crowd of policemen,
police fired into
strikers
• public started to
turn against labor
unions
PULLMAN STRIKE
• near Pittsburgh 1892
• Carnegie Steel plant
went on strike when
wages were cut
• Violence broke out Pennsylvania
National Guard
called in to break up
the strike
HOMESTEAD STRIKE
• Chicago 1894
• Pullman employees
went on strike after
wages were cut
• Violence broke out –
U.S. Army sent in by
President Cleveland
to break up the strike
STRIKES TURN VIOLENT
• SIG – violence in
strikes caused the
public to turn
against labor unions
THE NEW IMMIGRANTS
CHAPTER 15 – SECTION 1
NEW IMMIGRANTS
• Main Idea –
Immigration reached a
new high in the late
19th and early 20th
centuries. Most
immigrants during this
time period came from
Southern and Eastern
Europe as well as Asia.
These immigrants often
faced hardships and
hostility from nativeborn Americans.
THE “GOLDEN DOOR”
• Old Immigrants
• New Immigrants
• Asian Immigrants
THROUGH THE GOLDEN DOOR
• Background: Millions of
immigrants entered the
U.S. in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries
• “push” factors (reasons to
leave their homeland) =
famine, land shortages,
religious or political
persecution
• “pull” factors (reason to
come to the U.S. ) =
economic opportunity,
freedom from
persecution
OLD IMMIGRANTS
• – immigrants who
came to the U.S. prior
to 1871, usually from
countries in Northern
and Western Europe
• Ex: Great Britain,
Ireland, Germany,
Norway, Sweden
• Many worked on
canals or railroads, or in
textile mills in the North
and Midwest
NEW IMMIGRANTS
• – immigrants who
came to the U.S. from
1871 to 1921, usually
from countries in
Southern and Eastern
Europe
• Ex: Italy, Greece, Poland,
Russia, Austria-Hungary
• Many worked in textile or
steel mills, or in coal mines
in the Northeast
• Many worked in clothing
industry in New York City
ASIAN IMMIGRATION
• smaller numbers of
immigrants from
China and Japan
came to the West
coast of the U.S.
between 1851-1883
• Ex: China, Japan
• Many Chinese
immigrants helped to
build the
Transcontinental
Railroad
ENTERING THE UNITED STATES
• Ellis Island
• Angel Island
ELLIS ISLAND
• – immigration center in
New York harbor (18921924)
• Located near the Statue
of Liberty = first view of
U.S. for many immigrants
• Immigrants had to pass
inspection to gain entry
to the U.S.
• Inspection = physical exam,
legal/document inspection,
proof of no criminal record,
proof of ability to work
• SIG – 17 million immigrants
entered the U.S. through
Ellis Island
ANGEL ISLAND
• – immigration
center in San
Francisco (19101940)
• Inspection process
was more difficult
than at Ellis Island
• SIG – 50,000 Chinese
immigrants entered
U.S. through Angle
Island
ASSIMILATION
• Most immigrants settled in
urban ethnic
neighborhoods = areas
with people of the same
ethnicity, culture, religion,
and language
• Made assimilation into
American society easier
• Most immigrants worked
hard to learn English,
adopt American
customs, and become
American citizens
• Public schools = essential in
the process of assimilating
children of immigrants
MELTING POT
• – a mixture of
people of different
cultures and races
who blended
together by
abandoning their
native languages
and customs
NATIVISM
• – favoritism of nativeborn Americans
combined with antiimmigrant feelings
• Fear that immigrants
would take jobs for lower
pay than American
workers
• Resentment that many
immigrants did not give
up their unique cultural
identities
• Prejudice based on
religious, cultural, and
racial differences
IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION
LEGISLATION
• Chinese Exclusion
Act of 1882 – 10 year
ban on all Chinese
immigration
• Immigration
Restriction Act of
1921 – aimed at
severely restricting
the immigration totals
of Southern and
Eastern European
immigrants