Transcript TEST 3 notes-

Civil War and Reconstruction
VUS.6-7
Economic and Political Differences
of the North and South
 Northern economy was based on the developing industry
 The north supported tariffs to protect their growing industry
 The dominant economic and social class comprised :
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merchants
manufacturers
bankers, and
professionals
 Southern economy was based on plantation farming and
slave labor—cotton
 The agricultural south opposed tariffs that raised the prices
on imports
Debate over the extension of
slavery
 Before the Civil War, a debate existed on whether or
not slavery should extend westward or stay isolated in
the south
 The Northwest Ordinance (1781) helped slavery extend
westward—new states below the Ohio River could
become slave states
 The demand for cotton solidified the need for slavery
to keep up with the demand for cotton
 Whitney’s cotton gin had made cotton cheap
 Industrial revolution was churning out lots of cotton
textiles
Debate over States’ Rights
 Another debate looming over the nation on the eve of
the Civil War was the rights belonging to the states
 Many states still wanted to have more power over federal
decisions
 Many states disliked the power of the federal
government
 These debates will eventually come to a head in South
Carolina in the 1830s—the Nullification of South
Carolina
Nullification of South Carolina
 Controversy over states’ rights
 1820s : Pres. Jackson came up with tariffs on all foreign
goods
 The tariffs were designed to protect America’s fledgling
industry
 The South did not like the tariffs because the south relied
heavily on imported goods
 John C. Calhoun—a southern complainer who believed in
old idea set forth in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
(1798)
 An idea that stated that states do not have to follow federal
law if the states believed the federal government was
exceeding its powers under the Constitution
Nullification of South Carolina
 1832: Congress passed another series of high tariffs on European
goods
 Politicians in South Carolina became very upset
 The South Carolinian politicians nullified the tariffs
 They refused to follow the federal law saying the state had to pay
the tariffs
 South Carolina also threatened to secede (leave the Union) if
they were forced to pay
 Dec. 1832: Pres. Jackson was ready to send federal troops into
South Carolina to force South Carolina to pay
 War was avoided when Henry Clay made a compromise between
South Carolina and the Jackson
 Many southern states still believed they had the right to leave the
Union if the federal government forced states to follow laws the
states did not believe in
Abolitionism
 Many in the US saw slavery as cruel and wanted it to
end—Abolitionists
 Abolitionists wanted to completely end slavery in the
United States
 Most abolitionists were in favor of a slow emancipation
so as not to hurt the southern economy
 Some others were calling for immediate abolishment
of slavery, regardless of the impact on southern
agriculture
 Many people—both black, white, male, and female
became spokespersons for the ending of slavery
Abolitionism
 William Lloyd Garrison
 He led the Northerners in their movement to end slavery in
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the South
Spoke against slavery in his newspaper The Liberator
He viewed slavery as a violation of Christian principles
He criticized the Constitution because it allowed slavery
He wanted an immediate end to slavery
His supporters formed the American Anti-Slavery Society
Southerners grew alarmed by the growing Anti-Slavery
movement in the north
William Garrison
Abolitionism
 Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Connecticut woman who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 The book was widely read by people in the North and
South
 The book looked at the legal, social, and religious
arguments of what many abolitionists were saying
Abolitionism
 Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser
fed white southerners’ fears about slave rebellions
 Nat Turner—a preacher and slave—led a slave rebellion in
Southampton County, VA
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His revolt killed 60 whites
The revolt was put down, Turner was arrested and executed
Many believed Turner’s revolt was created by abolitionist propaganda
 Gabriel Prosser was a slave who planned to lead a large revolt in
Richmond, VA
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His plans were leaked, and the revolt never occurred
He was hanged
 The revolts also led to harsh laws in the South against fugitive
slaves
 Southerners who favored abolition were intimidated into silence
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Abolitionism
 Frederick Douglass:
 Douglass was a former slave—he escaped when he was
21 years old
 He became a prominent voice for abolition
 During the Civil War, Douglass urged President
Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union
Army
Frederick Douglass
Abolitionism
 Underground Railroad
 A group of people looking to end slavery
 A network of people who helped escaped slaves on
their way to freedom to the North and Canada
 The network helped to hide slaves so they could
continue their journey northward
 Many Underground Railroad members were freed
slaves
Dred Scott Case
 In March of 1857, the United States Supreme Court
declared that all blacks -- slaves as well as free -- were
not and could never become citizens of the United
States
 Fugitive Slave Act – required slaves who escaped to free
states to be forcibly returned to their owners in the
South
Dred Scott
Extension of Slavery
 As people moved into the new territories, many people
wanted to create new states
 The question arose on whether these new states could
be free or slave
 A series of compromises—and debates—will erupt on
how to settle the arguement
Extension of Slavery
 1.) Missouri Compromise:
 Before 1818, there was an equal number of free and slave states
 There was equal representation in the Senate (2 for each state)
 1818: Missouri petitioned to become a slave state
 Missouri’s entering as a slave state would throw off the balance of
power in the Senate in favor of the slave states
 Slave states would have 2 extra Senators
 Northerners were concerned about losing power in the Senate
 Northerners told Missouri that they could only enter as a free state
 This demand by Northerners made Southerners really angry
 Eventually a compromise was made:
 Missouri would enter as a slave state
 Maine—formerly Northern Massachusetts—would enter as a free state
 A line was drawn at 36⁰30’ latitude
 Territories north of the line could become free states
 Territories south of the line could become slave states
 More land was giving to the north than to the south
Map of Missouri Compromise
Extension of Slavery
 2.) Compromise of 1850:
 By 1850—a balance once again existed between free and
slave states (15 free and 15 slave)
 California wanted to enter as a free state
 This would shift the balance of power in favor of the free
states in the Senate (they would have 2 extra senators)
 A compromise was created:
 A.) California would become a free state
 B.) the territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico
would let the people decide on the issue of slavery (popular
sovereignty)
 C.) The slave trade was prohibited in Washington D. C.
 D.) A new fugitive slave law—allowed federal marshals to
assist slaveholders in capturing runaway slaves
Extension of Slavery
 3.) Kansas-Nebraska Act:
 1854: the Kansas-Nebraska Act saw debate in Congress
 The bill was pushed through Congress by Stephen Douglas
of Illinois
 Douglas wanted to see the territory west of Missouri and Iowa
open for settlement
 He wanted the people in the new territory to be able to decide
the issue of slavery for themselves—popular sovereignty
 1854: The K-N Act passed, but with lots of debate
 A.) the Nebraska territory was divided into 2 separate
territories—Kansas and Nebraska
 B.) repealed the prohibition of slavery north of the Missouri
Compromise line(36⁰30’)—this would allow slavery to spread
further to the North
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Extension of Slavery
 4.) Formation of the Republican Party:
 Many anti-slavery politicians did not like the Kansas-
Nebraska Act because of its disregard for the Missouri
Compromise
 1854: These politicians broke away and formed the
Republican Party
 The Republican Party favored Northern Interests
 Problems surrounding the Kansas-Nebraska Act and
the Republican Party will come to a boil in Kansas
 The Republican party wanted the area in the North to
be Free Soil
Extension of Slavery
 5.) Bloody Kansas--John Brown(in Kansas and VA):
 Pro and anti-slavery forces went to war with each other in
Kansas in 1854
 The root of the problem was whether Kansas should enter
as a free state or slave state
 In 1855, John Brown came to Kansas to help fight slavery
 In 1859, John Brown led 21 men on an attack of the federal
arsenal @ Harpers Ferry, VA
 Brown was trying to create a slave rebellion
 He was unsuccessful in his attempt, but the south was
afraid of future slave uprisings
Tragic Prelude by John Steuart Curry,
illustrating John Brown and the
clash of forces in Bleeding Kansas
Extension of Slavery
 6.) Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 1858: Abraham Lincoln was running against Stephen
Douglas for an Illinois Senate Seat
 Douglas (Democrat) believed in popular sovereignty—let the
people decide the issue of slavery
 Lincoln (Republican) opposed the spread of slavery into new
states—keep slavery where it is and do not let it spread
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Lincoln did not want slavery to extend into the new territories
Lincoln warned, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” The
nation could not continue half-free, half-slave. The issue must be
resolved.
 Douglas won the Senate seat by a narrow margin over
Lincoln
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Women’s Suffrage Movement
 While the ideas of abolitionism grew, so did the movement
to give women equal rights
 Seneca Falls Declaration
 Modeled after the Declaration of Independence
 Called for more equality of women in the US
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 Principle author of the Seneca Falls Declaration
 An abolitionists
 Called for more equality for women
 Susan B. Anthony
 She pushed for women’s suffrage in the United States both
before and after the Civil War
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
Susan B.
Anthony
Causes of the American Civil War
 Sectional disagreements and debates over tariffs, extension
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of slavery into the territories, and the nature of the Union
(states’ rights)
Northern abolitionists versus Southern defenders of slavery
United States Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott
case
Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Ineffective presidential leadership in the 1850s
A series of failed compromises over the expansion of
slavery in the territories
Secession of the South
 Several factors contributed to many southern states seceding
from the Union
 1.) Election of 1860:
 The presidential election in 1860 was the catalyst for southern
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secession
Abraham Lincoln was elected president with only 40% of the
popular vote
Many in the south did not want Lincoln (Republican) because he
had the same ideas as many in the North
After the election, South Carolina seceded
Other states soon followed—Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
These seceded states formed their own nation—the Confederacy
Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln in 1860
Secession of the South
 2.) Fort Sumter:
 The opening confrontation of the Civil War
 The fort was located in Charlestown, SC
 The Confederacy wanted the fort to drive Union troops
out of the South
 Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee
seceded and joined the Confederacy
 The bloody Civil War had officially began
Union Advantages
 1.) More resources
 More $ to finance the war effort
 2.) More industry
 Most factories were in the north
 These factories could produce what the union needed
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Uniforms, weapons, shoes, ammunition, etc.
 Most rail lines were located in the north
 3.) Larger population
 North—22 million
 South—9 million
 4.) Union was able to keep many border states from seceding
 5.) Union had the support of many in the South who were against
secession
 Many in SW Virginia, Eastern Tennessee, and Western NC did not
support secession
Confederate Advantages
 1.) Generals were better trained
 Many had fought against Mexico in the MexicanAmerican War
 Gained leadership and military experience
 2.) Soldiers were more experienced with horses, guns,
and the terrain
 Most were farmers with their own horses and guns
 Most of the fighting occurred in the south
 3.) Soldiers were defending their homes and land
Key Leaders and their roles
 Abraham Lincoln:
 President of the United States during the Civil War, who insisted that
the Union be held together, by force if necessary
 Jefferson Davis:
 U.S. senator who became president of the Confederate States of
America
 Ulysses S. Grant:
 Union military commander, who won victories over the South after
several other Union commanders had failed
 Robert E. Lee:
 Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (Lee opposed
secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by
force), who urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans
again, when some Southerners wanted to fight on after Appomattox
 Frederick Douglass:
 Former enslaved African American who became a prominent
abolitionist and who urged Lincoln to recruit former enslaved African
Americans to fight in the Union army
Jefferson Davis
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
Major Events of the Civil War
 1.) Battle of Antietam—Emancipation Proclamation:
 The Confederacy lost the battle @ Antietam
 Sept. 22, 1862: Pres. Lincoln issued the Emancipation
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Proclamation after the battle @ Antietam
The document freed slaves located in the “rebelling” states
(Confederate states)
The document made the abolition of slavery a Northern war aim
It also was issued to discourage any interference of foreign
governments in the Civil War
The document also allowed for the enlistment of African
American soldiers into the Union Army
Emancipation Proclamation
Major Events of the Civil War
 2.) Gettysburg :
 Confederate General Robert E. Lee attempt to attack the
North at Gettysburg
 Lee’s advance into Pennsylvania was unsuccessful
 The Confederate Army was forced to retreat back to the
South
 The battle had the highest number of casualties of any
battle
 The Confederate Army lost roughly 28,000 men
 This battle has been called the Turning Point of the war
 From this battle on, the South was on the run and retreating
from the Union Army
Major Events of the Civil War
 3.) Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address:
 Lincoln gave the speech at the cemetery for those who had
died in the Battle of Gettysburg on Nov. 19, 1863
 Lincoln described the Civil War as a struggle to preserve a
nation that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men
are created equal” and that was ruled by a government “of
the people, by the people, and for the people.”
 Lincoln believed America was “one nation,” not a collection
of sovereign states
 Southerners believed that states had freely joined the Union
and could freely leave.
Lincoln’s Gettysburg
Address
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4bM9g
eY0do
Major Events of the Civil War
 4.) Appomattox:
 Battle where the Civil War ended in 1865
 The Confederacy (army of N. VA led by Lee) surrendered to
Grant (Union)
 The Union (North) had won the war
 The surrender occurred at Appomattox Court House
 Grant structured the treaty settlements as not to be too
harsh on the Confederacy
 Southern soldiers could go home if they pledged to fight no
more
 Southern officers could keep their pistols (a sign of rank) and
the men could keep their horses
Economic Impact of the Civil War
 1.) North
 Experience economic prosperity
 Developed strong economies based on industry
 This industrial growth laid the foundation for the US
become a strong industrial nation in the 20th Century
 The North also began to expand westward with the
help of new railroads—Transcontinental Railroad
Economic Impact of the Civil War
 2.) South
 The economy of the South suffered greatly after the war
 Farms, railroads, and factories had been destroyed
 Confederate money was worthless
 Many towns and cities had been destroyed
 With the outlawing of slavery, not enough labor existed to
continue large scale cotton production
 The south would remain agricultural
 The south would be the poorest section of the nation for
many decades after the war
The War’s effect on people
 1.) African Americans
 The Emancipation Proclamation will allow for the enlistment into the
Union Army
 After the war, former slaves will gain their freedom
 Many former slaves will move into Union territories
 2.) Common Soldiers
 Wrote many letters and diaries illustrating the horrors of war
 After the war, many southern soldiers returned home to find destroyed
homes and farms
 Many soldiers on both sides had to live with disabilities—physical scars
(loss of limbs, etc.) and mental scars
 3.) Women
 Managed homes and families with few resources during the war
 Women were often faced with poverty and hunger
 Forced to assume new roles in agriculture, nursing, and industries
Reconstruction
 After the Civil War ended, the question loomed over
what to do with the South
 Many Northerners began to develop plans for
reconstructing the South
Reconstruction
 Lincoln’s Plan:
 Lincoln believed that secession was illegal
 Since it was illegal, Lincoln believed the Confederate states
had never really left the Union
 “with malice towards none, with charity for all……to bind
up the nation’s wounds”
 Lincoln believed the federal government should NOT punish
the south
 Unfortunately, Lincoln will never see if his plan will be put
into place
 He is assassinated just a few days after Lee’s surrender at
Appomattox
Lincoln near the end of
the War
Reconstruction
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Andrew Johnson’s Actions
Johnson became President after Lincoln’s assassination
Many expected Johnson to be harsh on the South
Instead, he took on a plan very similar to Lincoln’s
 Johnson made the Radical Republicans very angry by
following a plan like Lincoln’s
 Johnson wanted to re-establish relations with the
Confederacy
 1865: he issued the Reconstruction Proclamation
 Pardoned all Confederate states if they signed an oath of
loyalty to the Union
 By Dec. 1865, all Confederate States—except Texas—had
met Johnson’s requirements
 These states would also get representation in Congress
President Andrew Johnson
Reconstruction
 Radical Republican Plan
 They were developing reconstruction plans in the early
1860s
 Wanted a plan to be more punitive (punishing) to the
south
 The states that seceded were not allowed back into the
Union immediately
 Put the South under military occupation (martial law)
 Divided the South into 5 military districts, each under
command of a general
 Believed in giving voting rights and other civil rights to
African Americans in the south
Reconstruction
 When Congress reconvened in Dec. 1865 (dominated
by Radical Republicans), they would not allow the
representative from the former Confederate states to
take their seats
 Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts
 These laws reversed much of what Johnson had done
with his reconstruction plan
 Divided the south into 5 military districts
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Each district was occupied by federal troops
 Leadership of the south was in the hands of Congress
 Many northerners saw military presence in the south
as necessary to make social and political changes
Reconstruction—Amendments to
the Constitution
 The Radical Republicans passed 3 amendments
designed to give African Americans more freedom
 13th Amendment
 Slavery was abolished permanently in the US
 14th Amendment
 States were prohibited from denying equal rights under
the law to any American
 15th Amendment
 Voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color,
or previous condition of servitude” (former slaves)
 Many white southerners did not like the new Constitutional
Amendments
 Congress also said that states could not discriminate against
African Americans
 But Congress said nothing about businesses and individuals
discriminating against African Americans
 Many southerners began finding ways to keep African Americans
from having equal rights
 A.) Sharecropping
 An agricultural system that developed from the Cotton Plantation
system after the Civil War
 Landlords would provide land, seeds, and credit
 Croppers (usually former slaves) did the labor and received part of
the money earned from selling the crops
 B.) Ku Klux Klan
 A terrorist organization developed in the South during
Reconstruction
 At first, the KKK went after the Republican Reconstruction Policy
 KKK also mistrusted freed slaves
Cotton
Sharecroppers
 C.) Black Codes
 Many whites in the South did not want freed slaves to
have equal rights to whites
 Many states started to pass Black Codes
 These were “laws” designed to keep freed slaves from
having rights
 Freed slaves could only buy land in rural areas
 Freed slaves could not preach without a license
 Freed slaves had to sign annual contracts for work
Postwar views of Key Civil War
Leaders
 Ulysses S. Grant
 Urged radical Republicans not to be harsh with former
Confederates
 Was elected president and served during most of
Reconstruction
 Advocated rights for the freedman
 Opposed retribution directed at the defeated South
Postwar views of Key Civil War
Leaders
 Robert E. Lee
 Urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin the United
States
 Served as president of Washington College
(Washington & Lee University today)
 Emphasized the importance of education to the
nation’s future
Postwar views of Key Civil War
Leaders
 Frederick Douglass
 Supported full equality for African Americans
 Advocated for the passage of the 14th and 15th
Amendments
 Encouraged federal government actions to protect the
rights of freedmen in the South
 Served as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil service
Impeachment of President
Johnson
 Pres. Johnson was not in favor of giving freed slaves the
same rights as whites
 He did not support much of the equality legislation
handed down by Congress
 He was in favor of many Southern governments’ Black
Codes
 He did little to stop or place controls over the KKK
 The Radical Republicans became highly upset at
Johnson when he refused to follow the Tenure of
Office Act
Impeachment of President
Johnson
 The Tenure of Office Act:
 Required Senate approval for the removal of cabinet members
 Designed to keep the President from removing anyone from
the cabinet that he may not like
 1868: Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
without the Senate’s approval
 Johnson and Stanton rarely agreed on most issues
 The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson on
11 counts of misconduct—including violating the Tenure of
Office Act
 Johnson was acquitted by 1 vote
Edwin Stanton
Compromise of 1877
 1876: two men were running for president
 Rutherford B. Hayes—Republican and supported by the
Radical Republicans
 Samuel Tilden—Democrat from the south
 Tilden won the election, but a dispute arose over
electoral votes in South Carolina, Florida, and
Louisiana
 A special electoral commission was created to solve the
problem
 The commission gave the election to the Republican
candidate Hayes
Samuel Tilden
Rutherford B. Hayes
Compromise of 1877
 To get the southern Democrats to agree to Hayes as
president, a compromise was create—Compromise of
1877
 The Republicans promised to remove federal troops
from the South
 The Southern Democrats promised to accept Hayes as
President
 The Compromise ended the Reconstruction period in
the south but ushered in the “Jim Crow” period where
Southern states began to deny African Americans their
full rights of citizenship
Jim Crow Laws
 Laws passed after 1890 that were designed to segregate
(separate) blacks and whites
 Blacks were forced to ride in separate rail cars
 Blacks had to use different restrooms than whites
 Blacks had to eat in different sections of restaurants
 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson
 The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as
long as the facilities were equal
 Video on Plessy v. Ferguson and the Jim Crow Era