Transcript Civil War-Ch 11

Civil War
Course and Outcome
Secession on the Southern States

Why did the south secede from the Union?



They no longer felt that they had a voice within the
government. With the election of Lincoln, they feared
that the Northern Democrats would submit the south
to “the most complete subjection and political
bondage”
Most white Southerners also feared destruction of
their way of life.
On December 20,1860, South Carolina decided to
act, seceding from the Union
Confederate States of America
The confederate constitution protected
and recognized slavery in new territories.
 States Rights was the main issue for the
Confederacy and the constitution
stressed that each state was to be
sovereign and independent.


How would this hamper later efforts made in
the south to unify?
President Jefferson Davis and Vice
President Alexander Stephens
Fort Sumter


The confederacy raced to take
control over federal
installations within their states.
 Fort Sumter was still in the
hands of Union even
though SC had seceded
from the Union.
The confederacy demanded
that the general of the fort
surrender or he would face an
attack.
Lincoln’s Dilemma

If he ordered the navy to fire upon the
confederate troops surrounding the fort he
would be responsible for starting
hostilities, if he did nothing he would be
treating the Confederacy as its own
independent nation.
This would anger the Republican Party,
weaken his administration, and endanger the
Union
 If you were Lincoln what would you do?

The First Shots

Lincoln cleverly routed the confederacy by
merely sending food into Sumter to feed
the hungry men. He was not abandoning
Sumter but neither was he reinforcing it.
This placed the dilemma on Davis’
shoulders.
Now Davis faced the same decision as
Lincoln; loose face as an independent nation
or turn a peaceful secession into a war.
 If you were Davis what would you do?

America at War!
How Long Could it Last?

Northerners and confederates alike
thought that it would be a “short and
glorious war.”

“The die was cast; war was declared…
and we were all afraid it would be over and
we would not be in the fight.”

Sam Watkins, Confederate Soldier
What is the Northern Strategy?
Union Strategy

The Union had a threefold strategy:
The Union navy would blockade southern
ports, so they could neither export cotton nor
import much-needed manufactured goods
 Union riverboats and armies would move
down the Mississippi and split the
Confederacy in two
 Union armies would capture the Confederate
capital at Richmond, Virginia

*Known as the Anaconda Plan
The Anaconda Plan
What is the Southern Strategy?
Confederate Strategy
Because the Confederacy’s goal was its
own survival as a nation, its strategy was
mostly defensive.
 Attack North – quick war, Take the capital

Protect the capital and government agencies
 If the opportunity to push north happens, the
generals are allowed to do so.

North and South Resources
Who Had the Advantage?

Union



Adept political leader
in Lincoln
Weak and ineffectual
generals until he found
Grant.
Greater access to
manufactured goods.

Confederacy



Strong battlefield
commanders like
General Lee and
Stonewall Jackson.
Lack of central
government leadership
Ties with foreign
nations
Union v. Confederacy

Was it better to have an effective political
leader or strong battlefield commanders?

Why?
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sson=EM729&page=teacher
The First Modern War

Ironclads- could
splinter wooden
ships, withstand
cannon fire, and resist
fire.


Grant used four
ironclad ships when he
captured Forts Henry
and Donelson.
Battle of the Ironclads

North’s Monitor v.
South’s Merrimack
New Weapons

Rifle


More accurate than
old-fashioned muskets
Reloads faster making
it easier to fire more
rounds during battle.

Minié Ball
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
Soft lead bullet
More destructive than
earlier bullets
- Military
Civil War Inventions
A successful submarine
- The snorkel
- Land-mine fields
- Water mines
- Trench Warfare
- Flame throwers
- Wire entanglements
- Aerial reconnaissance
- Military telegraph
- Antiaircraft fire
- Repeating rifles
- Scopes for rifles
railroads
- Steel Ships
- Working machine gun
- Army ambulance corps
- Revolving gun turrents
- Hospital ships
- Railroad artillery
- U.S. Secret Service
- Conscription
- The Medal of Honor
- Battle photography
- Electrically exploded bombs
- Anesthesia for wounded
- Camouflage
- Hand grenades
- Aircraft Carrier
- Smoke screan
- Double Barreled Cannon
How Did This Change Warfare?

Because the rifle and the minié could kill
far more people than older weapons,
strategies had to change.
Introduction of trench warfare and barricades
 Trench warfare had a great advantage in
mass infantry attacks
 NOTE – greater advances in weaponry, no
advances in medical care at the time

Antietam Sept. 17, 1862
Lee invades Maryland looking for a win
 Hopes to:
1. Persuade England & France to
recognize the CSA
2. Lower Northern morale even more
3. Copperheads advantage in upcoming
Congressional elections
4. Move Lincoln towards Peace
Negotiation
Immediate Impact of Antietem
Neither side wins, bloodiest battle – total
casualties 26,000, dead 3,200
 Lee retreats to the South – VA
 Lincoln considers it a win
 Provoked the Emancipation Proclamation

11.1 Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Explain the events that led to the start of war.
Describe the Military Strategies of the North
and South.
What advantages did the North have over the
South? The South over the North?
What is the significance of new weaponry?
Why is Antietam Significant?
Task
Create a political cartoon criticizing the
strategies, military leadership, political
leadership, attitudes – any aspect of
choice on the Civil War – Due Three days
 Refer to the Political Cartoon rubric for
scoring

The Politics of War

Neutrality of Britain


William Nancy of the Confederacy went to Britain to
ask for their aid. B decided on neutrality. Despite this
neutrality, many southerners felt that economic
necessity would bring B around.
Trent Affair

Another attempt was made by the Confederacy to
gain B aid. They traveled on a British merchant ship
which was stopped by a Union warship. The
Confederates were arrested.

The B threatened war against the Union, Lincoln freed the
prisoners saying that the captain had acted without orders.
An End to Slavery

Lincoln disliked slavery
but he did not think that
the government had the
ability to abolish what
already existed.

“My paramount object in
this struggle is to save
the Union, and it is not
either to save or destroy
Slavery”

Towards the end of the
war, Lincoln found a way
to end slavery that was
constitutional. Slave
labor was used to build
fortifications and grow
food for the Confederacy.
Lincoln decided that as
commander and chief of
the Union, if he could
seize Confederate
supplies, he could also
authorize an army to
emancipate slaves
The Emancipation Proclamation



The Proclamation did not free any slaves
immediately because it only applied to areas
behind Confederate lines, outside of Union
control.
Warning – Unless rebelling states returned by
Jan 1, 1863, their slaves would be free
Emancipation provided a strategic benefit. The
abolitionist movement was strong in B and it
would discourage B from supporting the
Confederacy
“All persons held as slaves within any State or
designated part of the State the people where of
shall then be in rebellion against the United
States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever
free…And upon this act, sincerely believed to be
an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution
upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate
judgment of mankind, and gracious favor of
Almighty God”
Emancipation Proclamation, Abraham Lincoln
Emancipation Proclamation

Describe the
significance of the
Emancipation
Proclamation on
the war.
Impact of the Document?
How was the Emancipation Proclamation
a military move rather than a moral move?
 How did the Emancipation Proclamation
effect motivations in the war?

Long Term Effects of Antietam
Transformed the war to preserve the
Union into a struggle over the meaning of
Freedom
 Military strategy – to one of TOTAL WAR
 Ends Southern Hope for European help
 Boosts Northern Morale
 Republicans maintain majority in Congress

Political Dissention

Neither side of the Civil War was
completely unified.
How should these respective governments
handle their critics?
 How could they ensure a steady supply of
fighting men for their armies?

Lincoln
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Dealt forcefully with disloyalty
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When a Baltimore crowd attacked a Union
regiment a week after Fort Sumter, Lincoln
sent federal troops to Maryland, he also
suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus.
13,000 suspected Confederate
sympathizers in the Union were arrested
and held without trial.
Seized telegraph offices to make sure that
they were not used for subterfuge.
Davis

At first denounced Lincoln’s suspension of
civil liberties.
Later found it necessary to follow the Union
president’s example.
 In 1862, he suspended habeas corpus in the
Confederacy

When do Rights Apply?
Was the suspension of the writ of Habeas
Corpus necessary during the Civil War?
 How did this strengthen the power of the
presidency?
 Are people more willing to give up their
civil liberties during times of war?


What about today’s patriot act or airline
searches? Wiretapping?
TODAY?
The Union and Confederacy…
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Used the practice of Conscription to fill their
ranks after the war began.
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The heavy casualties and desertion made
conscription necessary
The Confederacy passed the mandatory draft in
1862, the Union 1863
The confederate law drafted men between the ages
of 18-35. This later changed in 1864 to 17-50.
For the Union the draft was for white men between 20
and 45 for three years.
Problems with Conscription

In both the Confederacy and the Union
you were allowed to hire substitutes to
take your place, if you paid a fee.
In the Union, $300 to the army would get you
out of the draft altogether.
 Planters in the South with more than 20
slaves were exempt from the draft as well.

“Rich Man’s War, Poor Man’s Fight”



What does the above quote mean in terms of the
Civil War?
Should wealthy plantation owners and those
who were able to pay the fee been able to get
out of the draft?
How does this compare to today? Do we have
drafts for military service? Can you get out of the
draft?

Remember Vietnam
11.2 Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How did different groups react to the
Emancipation Proclamation?
How did Lincoln and Davis Deal with
political dissent?
How did people on both sides react to
draft laws?
What happened in the Trent incident?
What economic changes made Britain
less dependent on Southern cotton?
Task
1.
2.
Summarize the Emancipation
Proclamation in your own words.
Complete the Graphic Organizer:
Impact on the
North
Impact on
Slaves
Emancipation
Proclamation
Impact on
Foreign
Nations
Impact on the
South
African-American Military Units


Although AfricanAmericans only made up
1% of the North’s
population, by the war’s
end nearly 10% of the
Unions army was
composed of former
slaves from the
secessionist states
54th Infantry was an all
African-American
battalion.

Although accepted as
soldiers through the
General Order 143 in
1863, African-American
troops faced much
discrimination. They
received less pay, no
clothing allowance, and
could not advance
through the ranks further
than captain.
54th Massachusetts


An all African-American military unit that led an
unsuccessful charge against Fort Wagner. More
than 40% of the soldiers were killed including
their commander Colonel Robert G. Shaw.
This was a test to see if they would be able to
perform in battle. If they had run from the battle
at Fort Wagner, then the thousands of other
African-American troops may have never seen
the battlefield.
Significance of the 54th?

Why was the 54th Massachusetts so
important even though it failed at Ft.
Wagner?
How did the war impact the
Northern Home front?
How did the war impact the
Southern Home front?
Effects of War on Regional
Economies

Union


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War – positive for North’s
economy
Most industries boomed as
the need for uniforms,
shoes, guns and other
supplies soared
New, labor-saving
machines were brought
into the west as the
available work force
decreased because of the
drafts, benefiting the
companies that made them

Confederacy



Faced a food shortage
because of: the drain
of manpower into the
army
Union occupation of
food-growing areas
and the loss of slaves
to work in the fields.
Inflation
How to pay for the War?
•Income Tax
•Bonds
•Greenbacks
•New Federal Depts.
•Internal Revenue Service
•Bureau of Engraving
11.3 Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
How did the war affect the North and
South differently?
What was the experience of African
American soldiers in the Union army?
How did slaves aid in the fight for
freedom in the south?
What new measure did the US
government use to pay for the war?
Task
http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/
Analyze African American Recruiting Poster
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Who do you think is the intended audience for the poster?
What does the Government hope the audience will do?
What references to pay do you find in this document?
What references to treatment of prisoners of war do you find in
this document?
What evidence of discrimination during the Civil War do you find
in this document?
What evidence of Government efforts to improve conditions for
black soldiers do you find in this document?
What purpose(s) of the Government is/are served by this poster?
How is the design of this poster different from contemporary
military recruitment posters?
Battle of Gettysburg and Vicksburg
1863 – Turning the Tide

Gettysburg

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One of the most decisive
battles of the Civil War.
Battle for Cemetery Ridge
right outside of the town of
Gettysburg.
Three day battle in which
General Lee tried
unsuccessfully to break
through Union defenses
Union losses included 23,000
men killed or wounded, 28,000
for the Confederates

Vicksburg



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Part of Grants campaign west
to cut the Confederacy in half.
Vicksburg was one of two
location left that was needed
to put the Anaconda plan into
effect.
Destroyed rail lines to distract
Confederate troops from his
rush on Jackson, the capital of
the state.
After Jackson fell moved to
Vicksburg where two
unsuccessful frontal assaults
led to Grant settling in for a
long siege. Vicksburg fell on
July 3rd, 1863. Five days later
Port Hudson fell effectively
splitting the Confederacy.
Significance of these Battles?
How did these battle effect the ability of
the Union to carry out the Anaconda Plan?
 Was the Confederacy able to recover from
the loss at Gettysburg?

Gettysburg Address

A speech made by Lincoln during a
ceremony to dedicate a cemetery in
Gettysburg.
“Four score and seven years ago…”
Gettysburg Address – Why is this
so important?
Significance of the Address?
Why is the Gettysburg Address so
important to refocusing the Union?
 What is the overall sentiment of the
Gettysburg Address?

Sherman and the “March to the
Sea”
1.
2.
For what reason did
Sherman use this
tactic?
What impact did this
march have on the
South? The North?
Total War
 Sherman’s
“March to the Sea”
 Attacked infrastructure
 Civilian targets
 What is the impact of Total War
on the South?
The Surrender at Appomattox



The South knew that they could not sustain
more heavy casualties to their armies or they
would be completely destroyed.
By late March 1865, Grant and Sheridan were
approaching the Confederate capital of
Richmond from the north and Sherman was
approaching from the south.
Lee wanted to see the preservation of the rest of
his army. So Lee and Grant met to arrange a
Confederate surrender on April 9th, 1865.
The Arrangement

The terms of surrender were very
generous at Lincoln’s request.
Grant paroled Lee’s troops and sent them
home with their personal possessions,
horses, and three days’ rations.
 Officers were allowed to keep their side arms.
 Within two months of the surrender at
Appomattox, all remaining Confederate
resistance collapsed.

Surrender Conditions
Would you have been as generous as
Lincoln on the terms of surrender?
 Why do you think these terms were so
generous?

11.4 Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In what ways did the South’s morale
deteriorate?
What was Grant and Sherman’s rationale
for using total war?
Why were Vicksburg and Gettysburg
important victories for the north?
How did Lincoln win re-election in 1864?
How did the Civil War end?
Task
1.
2.
3.
Create 20 headlines that could have
used by newspapers in the Civil War –
10 from each side to represent political,
military turning points.
Choose one and write a short newspaper
article from one of the perspectives.
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Civil War Music - Lesson
The Legacy of the Civil War
The aftermath to Reconstruction
What was the Impact of the War?
Political
Economic
Social
Immediate Effect:
Preservation of the Union
 Preservation
of our democratic
republic
 Preservation of the Constitution
Cost of the War
1880s – interest on war debt and Union
veterans’ pensions
2/3 Federal Budget
Impact on Civilians
African Americans – 13th Amendment
a. Ended slavery and involuntary
servitude
b. Freedmen need
to be integrated
into US society
Impact on Civilians
Western migration to the Great Plains →
The Homestead Act. 1862
Impact on Civilians
Migration to cities  Urbanization
North – more tolerance for Irish and
Germans
A lingering bitterness between North and
South
Assassination of Lincoln
Loss of Presidential leadership in post-war
period
Assassination of Lincoln
Power struggle between President Johnson
and Radical Republicans in Congress 
weakened Presidency
How would the war have been
different if Lincoln had not been
president?
Political Changes

Secession no longer an issue
* New issue:
federal power v. states rights
Political Changes
Increase in Federal Power
1. Income tax used by Union to finance war
2. Issuance of paper money greenbacks
3.
led to
inflation
Conscription Act – the draft used to
raise an army
Political Changes
Increase in federal power
Increase in federal spending for
military supplies
5. Increase in federal employees – all
appointed by President (spoils system)
4.
6.
Corruption in government -federal, state, local
Political Changes
Increase in Presidential Power
* Lincoln set a precedent for wartime
presidents
1. Actively involved
in planning
strategy
Political Changes
Increase in Presidential Power
2. Expansion of presidential power
during wartime – examples:
a. Lincoln used an executive order
to free the slaves
in the South
Political Changes
Increase in Presidential Power
2.
Lincoln also used
executive order to
b. Suspend habeas
corpus
(police cannot hold a person
without charging them with a
crime after a reasonable time)
Economic Changes
1.
Federal policies
business expansion
a. Subsidies - $$$$ - for building
national railroad system
b. National Bank Act – banking
safer for investments
Economic Changes
1. Industrial Expansion in the North
a. War Profits
$$$$ to invest in
post-war businesses
Economic Changes
Industrial Expansion in the North
2.
Demand for labor-saving farm
equipment
3. Large-scale commercial agriculture in
the North
Economic Changes
Northern Economic Boom!!!
Economic Changes
Devastation in the South
1. End of cheap labor – slavery
2. Wrecked South’s
industry and rail
system.
4. Devastation of
South’s farms
Economic Changes
Economic gap between North and South
widened dramatically
Cost of the War
1.
2.
3.
4.
Deaths – 620, 000 soldiers
Wounded – 500, 000
Millions of lives
interrupted by
the War
Cost - $3.3 Billion
11.5 Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
How did the war change the balance of
power between the state and federal
government?
How did the war widen the economic
imbalance between the North & South?
How did the war affect African
Americans?
How did the war provide the economic
foundation for the US to become an
industrial giant?
Task
How has the Civil War impacted/changed
the United States. Make a T-chart listing
all the positive and negative changes
brought by this conflict.
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Who Killed President Lincoln – Lesson Plan