Transcript Reconstruction

The Changing US
-Tension between agriculture and industry
-Processed food, ready-made clothes
-Hatred between north and south
-What to do with the freed slaves
-Federal government held the power
What happens when you
break the rules?
• How severe should the punishment be?
– Conquered province or business as usual?
• How soon should the punishment be?
– Immediately or cool down?
Key Questions
1. How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How do we
rebuild the South
after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
RECONSTRUCTION
THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENTS PLAN
TO REBUILD AND REESTABLISH THE STATES
OF THE FORMER
CONFEDERACY
THREE
PLANS FOR
RECONSTRUCTION
President Lincoln’s Plan
When
10% of the 1860 voters
took an oath of allegiance to the
Union they could form new state
governments and send
representation to Congress
Wanted
to bring the South back
as quickly as possible- never left
Took
a very lenient approach
President Andrew Johnson
-Anti-Aristocrat and
planter
-Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
-No equality for freed
slaves
President Johnson’s Plan
•More lenient than Lincoln’s Plan
•Take a simple oath of allegiance
•Offered Amnesty to nearly everyone
•Amnesty- Official Pardon
•Except rich planters
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION
(Congressional)
Reconstruction Act of 1867
In order for a state to re-enter the Union they
must:
1. Ratify the 13th Amendment
2. Ratify the 14th Amendment
3. Provide for universal manhood suffrage
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION
(Congressional)
•
•
•
•
10 states divided into 5 military districts
New constitution approved by majority
Ratify 13th and 14th Amendments
“ironclad oath” = never aided confederacy
Carpetbaggers & Scalawags
• Carpetbagger = Northerners who went
south after the Civil War
• Scalawag = Southern whites who cooperated with carpetbaggers
Emancipation Proclamation
• Freed slaves in states that seceded from
the Union immediately
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Many former
northern
abolitionists risked
their lives to help
southern freedmen.
 Freedmen’s Bureau
developed to feed
and cloth the poor
South
The
Amendments
13th Amendment

Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as punishment for crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States or any
place subject to their jurisdiction.

Ended Slavery.
14th Amendment


Ratified in July, 1868.

Provide a constitutional guarantee of
the rights and security of freed people.

Civil Rights for all people born in the
United States
Southern states would be punished for
denying the right to vote to black citizens!
15th Amendment

Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account of
race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.

Right to vote for all of the freed slaves.

Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the vote!
Growing Northern Alarm!

Many Southern state constitutions
fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special
pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
Black Codes

Purpose:
 Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated.
 Restore pre-emancipation
system of labor and race
relations.
Unjust laws

Forced many blacks to become
sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
JIM CROW LAWS
• SOUTHERN SOCIETY BECAME
INCREASINGLY SEGREGATED
• MADE SEGREGATION OFFICIAL IN
MOST AREAS OF THE SOUTH
• LAWS WERE DEVELOPED TO KEEP
AFRICAN AMERICAN INFERIOR
• SOCIETY BECAME COMPLETELY
DIVIDED BY COLOR
THE KU KLUX KLAN
-FORMED AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
-DISENFRANCHISED PLANTERS AND
CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS
-AIMED AT KEEPING AFRICANAMERICANS INFERIOR
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
SHARECROPPING
-FARMER AND FAMILY WORKED A
PLOT OF LAND
-RECEIVED A SHARE OF THE CROPS
IN RETURN
- A “GLORIFIED SYSTEM OF
SLAVERY”
Sharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
Tenant Farmer
Landowner
 Loan tools and seed up
to 60% interest to
tenant farmer to plant
spring crop.
 Plants crop, harvests in
autumn.
 Rents land to tenant in
exchange for ¼ to ½
of tenant farmer’s
future crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from merchant
until the harvest.
 Merchant holds “lien”
{mortgage} on part of
tenant’s future crops
as repayment of debt.
 Turns over up to ½ of
crop to land owner as
payment of rent.
 Tenant gives remainder
of crop to merchant in
payment of debt.
Panic of 1873
• Gave Americans something else to worry
about
1876 Presidential Tickets
1876 Presidential Election
The Political Crisis of 1877
 “Corrupt Bargain”
PLESSY VS. FERGUSON
-SUPREME COURT RULED
SEGREGATION WAS LEGAL IF
THERE WERE EQUAL FACILITIES
-KNOWN AS THE “SEPARATE BUT
EQUAL DOCTRINE”
-LEGALIZED RACISM (SPREAD TO
ALL AREAS OF LIFE )