Transcript What are the key issues and events that led to the Civil War?

What are the key issues and
events that led to the Civil War?
Day 1
Slavery
States’ Rights
Nullification
Missouri
Compromise
Compromise of
1850
Georgia Platform
Kansas-Nebraska
Act
Dred Scott Case
Election of 1860
Debate over the
Secession in
Georgia
Role of Alexander
Stephens
Differences
As the United States grew, clear
differences showed up between the
NORTH and the SOUTH.
◊Political
◊Cultural
◊Economic
◊Social
SOUTH
• Agriculture
• Fertile Soil
• Warmer Climate
• Plantations
• Farms
• Rural
• Self Sufficient
• Expect Little Government Help
NORTH
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Industry
Rocky Soil
Colder Climate
Factories
Cities
Urban
Interdependent
Expect More Government Help
Changes in Cotton Production
1820
1860
States’
Rights
Structure
(Classes)
Secession
Selection
of
Lincoln
Causes of
Civil War
(8 Ss)
Sectionalism
Solvency
(Ability to
Pay Debt)
Style
Slavery
Causes of the Civil War
States’ Rights
Structure (Classes)
Solvency (Ability to Pay Debt)
Style (Urban vs. Rural)
Slavery
Sectionalism
Selection of Lincoln
Secession
SOUTH
Believed that
states had the
right to rule
themselves
NORTH
Believed in a
strong
national
government
SOUTH
NORTH
Government created by Government created
the states.
by the people.
States have the right to Only the Supreme
reject laws that would Court can declare a
hurt them.
law unconstitutional.
Since states voluntarily
joined the Union, they
could voluntarily leave
–secede.
Only the people of the
US could dissolve the
Union. Attempting to
destroy the Union was
treason.
Even though the United States
had been established decades
earlier, many people still felt
that the states should have
FINAL AUTHORITY, not the
federal government.
vs.
FARMERS WITH
SLAVES
FREE BLACKS
SLAVES
Southern Population
SOUTH
Based on
agriculture,
including
cotton,
tobacco, and
rice. Cotton
was shipped
north to make
cloth and
thread.
NORTH
Based on
factories,
mining, banks,
stores, and
railroads.
Southern Agriculture
Tariffs
Made in Northern
United States
Cost = $50
+$20 Import Tax
Made in Great
Britain
Cost = $70
 Northerners wanted to sell their goods
in the South, but it was often cheaper
for Southerners to buy things from
Europe.
 To help Northern industries, President
Andrew Jackson put a tariff (taxes on
imports) on imported goods in 1828.
 This made European goods very
expensive, so Southerners would have
to buy from Northern States.
South
North
Favored high tariffs
Favored low
tariffs because
on goods from
they bought so other countries so
many goods
goods
from other
manufactured in
countries.
North cost less
and would outsell
foreign goods.
Nullification Controversy
Nullify = to declare invalid.
Many people, including
Georgians, wanted to NULLIFY
the federal tariff, saying that it
was not valid in their state.
South Carolina
Threatens to Secede!
• Because a new tariff was too high.
• Began to arm themselves and hold practice
drills.
Compromise Tariff Law
• Reduced Tariff over a 10 year period.
• Please South Carolinians.
• Protests Ended.
Panic of 1857
• Depression hit the
country
• Before this time,
Northern Industrialists
built their factories with
borrowed money.
• Nearly 5,000 went
bankrupt.
• Factory owners asked
Congress to pass higher
tariffs to stop British
goods from being sold in
the United States.
• Debates followed…
South
North
RURAL
Had few large
cities other
than
Richmond,
Charleston,
Savannah,
Augusta.
URBAN
Had a number
of large cities
offering
museums,
opera,
lectures,
theaters.
South
North
Many private schools,
No formal
educational
including churchsystem in the
sponsored schools,
South. Private
accepted both boys
tutors or school
and girls. Some
abroad were
private schools
options for upper
were open to both.
class. Some
community
Private universities
schools but
such as Brown,
teachers were not
Harvard, and Yale
usually trained.
were opening.
Some statechartered
universities such
as UGA.
What are the key issues and
events that led to the Civil War?
Day 2 - Slavery
Slavery
States’ Rights
Nullification
Missouri
Compromise
Compromise of
1850
Georgia Platform
Kansas-Nebraska
Act
Dred Scott Case
Election of 1860
Debate over the
Secession in
Georgia
Role of Alexander
Stephens
The Issue of Slavery
South
North
Supported
Slavery
Wanted to
Abolish Slavery
Slave Population in 1860
• Slaves were about 4 million of the total
black population in the country.
• By far, the MAJORITY lived in the South.
• About 11.5% of the slaves lived in Georgia.
SOUTHERN SLAVEHOLDERS
1860 Census
3%
Owned 20 +
4%
5%
Owned 10 - 19
13%
75 %
Owned 1
Owned 2-9
Owned 0
To plantations owners,
was slavery a moral issue,
an economic issue
or both? Why?
Do You Think
the Idea of
Manifest
Destiny Had
Anything to
Do with
Plantation
Owners’
Views on
Slavery?
Muscogee County
Old Slave Cabins
Slave Auction Notice
Slave Equipment
Slave Master
Brands
Slave
Muzzle
Slave Equipment
Slave Leg Irons
Slave Shoes
Slave Tag
Real Georgia Plantations
A Real Mammie & Her
Charge
A Slave Family
Great Awakening (2)
• In the 1820’s a
second Great
Awakening swept
the country.
• One result of this
religious revival
was increased and
interracial support
for abolition
(movement to do
away with slavery).
Free
Blacks
Some
Southern
Whites
Northern
Whites
ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
Abolitionist = a person
who demanded the
immediate freeing of
slaves
• Morally wrong
• Violates religious
teachings
• Results in cruel and
inhumane treatment of
slaves
• Violates democracy
Abolitionist Activities
• Made speeches
• Conducted meetings
• Published newspapers
• Organized and offered
their homes as safe
houses for runaway
slaves in the
Underground Railroad
• Wrote books and
articles
Famous
Abolitionists
William Lloyd Garrison
Best known abolitionist, published leading
abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator.
Frederick Douglass
Former slave who escaped to freedom;
public speaker who traveled around the country
describing the evils of slavery.
Harriet Tubman
Former runaway slave; a leading worker on the
Underground Railroad.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Author of book, Uncle Tom’s
Cabin.
• A dramatic picture of slave
suffering.
• Wrote about slaves as
individuals rather than a
group and described some
of the worst things about
slavery and the fugitive
slave laws.
• Book was a big success -over 300,000 copies in first 6
months .
Nat Turner
Believed God wanted him to end slavery in America;
led a revolt that resulted in the deaths of over 50
whites and numerous slaves. Turner was captured
and hanged.
Slave Resistance
Refusal to work
hard.
Isolated acts of
sabotage.
Escape via the
Underground
Railroad.
Slave States vs. Free States
In 1819, the US had 22 states:
11 were slave states
(states that did allow slavery)
11 were free states
(states that did not allow slavery)
SENATE = Equal number of senators from
slave states and from free states.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES = Free states
had more representatives than the slave
states.
The State of Missouri
The slave state of Missouri applied for statehood.
(Admitting Missouri would upset the balance
between slave states and free states.)
Missouri Compromise
After a great deal of debate, Congress adopted
the Missouri Compromise.
Missouri would join the Union as a slave state,
and Maine joined as a free state.
Slavery would not be allowed north of the
36° 20´ line of latitude.
This compromise kept a balance of power
between the free states and slave states in the
Senate and provided a temporary solution to the
slavery question.
Missouri Compromise, 1820
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
a Supreme Court decision adds fuel to the fire...
• Dred Scott was a Missouri
slave.
• He sued for his freedom
because he had lived for a
period of time with his
master in the free state of
Illinois and free territory of
Wisconsin.
• The Supreme Court said
Scott could not sue because
he was a slave, and slaves
were not citizens.
This Caused Further Division
South
North
What are the key issues and
events that led to the Civil War?
Day 3 – Sectionalism
Slavery
States’ Rights
Nullification
Missouri
Compromise
Compromise of
1850
Georgia Platform
Kansas-Nebraska
Act
Dred Scott Case
Election of 1860
Debate over the
Secession in
Georgia
Role of Alexander
Stephens
What is Sectionalism?
• The belief by the people in a
given region or area that
their ideas and interests are
better and more important
than those of another region
or area.
• Sectionalism was quickly becoming a
NATIONAL ISSUE!
• As the country expanded westward, the
slavery question would have to be answered
(both Congress and the courts had tried)...
South
Southern states
believed that their
stand on slavery
was just, their
concerns over
tariffs were fair, and
their culture and
lifestyle were to be
treasured. They
believed in the
rights of states to
determine their own
destiny. They knew
their section of the
country was best.
North
Northern states
believed that their
stand against
slavery and their
concerns over
tariffs, culture and
lifestyle made them
the favored, and
therefore the best
section of the
country.
California Gold Rush
• After the gold rush in
California, people
from all over the world
traveled there
dreaming of riches.
• By late 1849, the
population was over
100,000 (enough to
ask for statehood)
In 1850,
Slave States vs. Free States
• There were 15 Slave
States and 15 Free States.
• California did NOT allow
slavery.
• If California became a
state, the balance in the
Senate between slave
states and free states
would change.
THE GREAT DEBATE
For 8
months,
Congress
tried to
decide
what to do
about
California!
THE GREAT DEBATE
For 8
months,
Congress
tried to
decide
what to do
about
California!
Benefits of the Compromise
South
North
• The territories of New Mexico • California came into the
and Utah would determine
Union as a free state.
whether they wanted to be
• Slave trading was ended
slave or free.
in the District of
• The residents of the District of
Columbia.
Columbia could keep the
slaves they already had.
• Texas gave up its idea of
• Congress would pass a law
annexing New Mexico,
(Fugitive Slave Act) stating
thus taking that territory
that slaves who ran away to
away from a slave state.
free states would be returned
to their owners.
Slavery Issue Would Not Die!
As more and more people moved into the plains
west of Missouri and Iowa, there was a need for a
territorial government.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Created the territories of
Kansas and Nebraska
• Contained a clause about
Popular Sovereignty
(when a territory asked
for statehood, the people
of a territory could vote on
whether they wanted to
be a free or slave state).
Northerners Were Angry!
They felt that this law changed the Missouri
Compromise, which did not permit slavery north
of Missouri’s southern boundary. People began
to move into Kansas to influence the vote.
Bleeding Kansas
Proslavery
“Border Ruffians”
For slavery
Took over polls, prevented
free soilers from voting, and
ensured the election of a
proslavery legislature.
There was so much
violence in Kansas
between the proslavery
people and the free
soilers that the territory
was called
“Bleeding Kansas.”
Free Soilers
Against slavery
Wanted land to be given to
western settlers for farming.
More Than 200 Died...
What are the key issues and events
that led to the Civil War?
Day 4 – Georgia
Slavery
States’ Rights
Nullification
Missouri
Compromise
Compromise of
1850
Georgia Platform
Kansas-Nebraska
Act
Dred Scott Case
Election of 1860
Debate over the
Secession in
Georgia
Role of Alexander
Stephens
Georgia’s Economy
Backbone of
Georgia’s
Economy
=
Agriculture
By 1860
• 68,000 Farms
• Cotton was the
Main Crop
• Farms Produced More
than 700,000 bales of
cotton.
• 115% increase from
1839.
Plantation
s
• Only 3,500 farms had 500 + acres and
could be called plantations.
• Since the land itself did not cost much, a
plantation owner’s worth was largely
measured by the number of slaves he
Only 236 Georgians owned more than 100
slaves, and 60% had no slaves at all.
Cotton
Mills
Pottery
Factories
Tanneries
Georgia’s
Industry
Brick
Factories
Grist
Mills
Iron
Factories
Shoe
Factories
• 1,890 Factories by
1860
• Value = $11 million
• Georgia’s industrial
base was no
comparison for the
A Discovery
• Before any surgery, patients were given several
swallows of alcohol or opiates (pain-killing
drugs).
• Physicians’ assistants stood over the patients
holding down their legs and arms.
• Some patients were simply
knocked unconscious.
• Dr. Crawford W. Long began
trying sulfuric ether as an
anesthetic.
Education
• Education was not an
important element in the
life of most antebellum
Georgia.
• In 1850, about 20% of
Georgia’s whites could not
read or write.
• About 50% of Georgia’s
children were black and
did not go to school at all.
• In 1858, state legislature
set aside $100,000 to
begin free school...but the
CIVIL WAR begins...
Religion
• During the 1850s, church
membership grew in
Georgia.
• By 1860, there were 2,393
churches in the state.
• Two largest
denominations:
Methodists
Baptists
• Others: Episcopal,
Slaves
First African Baptist Church,
Savannah, Georgia (1777- )
• There were few segregated churches.
• Slaves usually attended the same churches
as their masters.
Politics
Two major Political Parties
Democrats
 Supported states’
rights
Strong stand FOR
slavery
Leaders:
Herschel V. Johnson
Joseph E. Brown
Howell Cobb
Most Governors were
democrats
Whigs
Mostly members of
upper social classes
Favored moderate
protective tariff and
federal help for the
south.
Leaders:
Robert Toombs
Alexander Stephens
Most members of
legislature were whigs
The Georgia Platform
• Many Georgians did not like the Compromise of 1850.
• They felt that the South’s rights were being trampled...
• However, Democrat Cobb and Whigs Stephens and
Toombs asked the citizens of Georgia to accept it.
• The legislature met to discuss the issue.
They adopted a proclamation
called
GEORGIA PLATFORM.
This act was instrumental in
averting
a national crisis.
Stated that Georgia was willing to remain
in the Union after the Compromise of 1850
as long as the North complied with the
Fugitive Slave Act and would stop trying
to ban slavery in new territories and
states.
What are the key issues and events
that led to the Civil War?
Day 5 – Selection of Lincoln &
Secession
Slavery
Kansas-Nebraska
Act
States’ Rights
Dred Scott Case
Nullification
Election of 1860
Missouri
Compromise
Compromise of
1850
Georgia Platform
Debate over the
Secession in
Georgia
Role of Alexander
Stephens
Division Continues...
NORTH
SOUTH
Reconciliation Is Doubtful!
Rise of the Republican Party
• Grew quickly
• Antislavery
Whigs and
Democrats
became
members
Election of 1860
Democrats Couldn’t Agree on a Platform...
Northern Democrats:
*Wanted popular sovereignty
*Supported of Stephen A. Douglas
Southern Democrats:
*Believed slavery should be
allowed in all the territories
*Nominated Vice President John
Breckenridge
Whigs
• Supported the Union
• Named John Bell of
Tennessee as their
presidential
candidate.
Republicans
• Against Slavery (Said it would not
try to end slavery in the slave states)
• Supported a protective tariff
• Proposed a plan to give free
western land to settlers
• Called for the construction of
the transcontinental railroad
with one end in the North.
• NONE OF WHICH WOULD
BENEFIT THE SOUTH!!!
The Election of 1860
Candidate
Bell
Popular
Vote
(Georgia)
Popular
Vote
(National)
Electoral
Vote
42,960
592,906
39
52,176
848,356
72
11,581
1,382,713
12
0
1,865,593
180
106,717
4,689,568
303
(Whigs)
Breckenridge
(Southern Democrats)
Douglas
(Northern Democrats)
Lincoln
(Republicans)
TOTALS
The Election of 1860
____________ Party formed in early 1850’s
opposed slavery
nominated Abraham Lincoln
____________ Party split . . .
1- Northerners nominated
Senator Stephen Douglas (IL)
2 - Southerners nominated
John Beckinridge (KY)
3-Whigs nominated John Bell (TN)
The Election Was a Revolution
in Politics!
• For the first time, a party
getting votes from only
one section of the nation
won the election.
• Abraham Lincoln received
a MINORITY of the votes
cast.
• He won without receiving a
single electoral vote in the
South.
Abraham Lincoln
Becomes the President of the Union
South Carolina Secedes First...
• South Carolina had repeatedly promised that they
would secede if Abraham Lincoln was elected
President.
• On December 20, 1860, South Carolina did just that –
they left the Union.
• Extremists in every
other southern state
were loudly yelling
for their states to
follow South
Carolina’s lead.
Georgia’s Road to Secession
1) When South Carolina
seceded from the Union,
Georgia Governor Joseph
Brown favored joining
right away.
2) Alexander Stephens, a respected
Georgia statesman, disagreed. He
told Georgians that Lincoln was
not the South’s enemy and warned
that economic ruin could occur if
Georgia seceded.
4) Georgia left the
Union in January
1861.
3) 297 Delegates
voted; 208 voted
in favor of
secession.
On January 19, 1861, Georgia was declared an
independent republic with the following
words...
“The people of Georgia, having
dissolved their political connection with
the Government of the United States of
America, present to their confederates
and the world, the causes which have led
to the separation.”
Confederate States of America
Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
Louisiana, Texas Also Seceded.
Jefferson Davis
Elected President of the
Confederacy
Alexander Stephens
Elected Vice President of the
Confederacy (Georgian who
argued passionately against
secession)
Let’s Review . . .
1)The economy of the South depended largely on –
a. slave labor
b. new inventions
c. manufacturing
2)What did Southerners want to get rid of in the
nullification controversy?
a. tariff on Northern goods
b. tariff on European goods
3)Southerners belief that states should have higher
authority than the federal government was called –
a. Confederate rights b. States’ rights c. National
rights
4) Under this compromise, if a slave state was added to the
Union, a free state or territory must also be added –
a. Missouri Compromise
b. Compromise of 1850
c. Kansas-Nebraska Act
5) The Fugitive Slave Act was added to this compromise to
please Southern states –
a. Missouri Compromise
b. Compromise of 1850
c. Kansas-Nebraska Act
6) This law allowed ‘popular sovereignty’ in several US
territories –
a. Missouri Compromise
b. Compromise of 1850
c. Kansas-Nebraska Act
7) Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. He was a
a. Democrat
b. Republican
c. Independent
More...
1) The North was becoming an economy based on –
a.
farming
b. industry
c. Music
2) The Southern economy was based ona.
agriculture
b. industry
c. politics
3) A tariff on imported goods made thema.
less
expensive
b. more
scarce
c. more
expensive
4) Many southerners did not want to pay the tariff so they
decided toa.
ignore
b. nullify
c. trash
5) State’s rights advocates gave final authority toa.
states
b. federal
c. Congress
Match the Legislation with its Description . . .
____ Missouri Compromise
____ Compromise of 1850
____ Georgia Platform
A. State will remain in the Union if the North
complies with the Compromise of 1850.
B. When a free state is admitted to the Union, a
slave state must be admitted to keep a
balance.
C. California admitted as a free state: New
Mexico and Utah organized as territories.