Transcript Library of Congress

1. A particularly gruesome massacre of African-American
prisoners of war occurred at _________.
2. At the battle of Chancellorsville, ___________ was shot
by his own troops.
3. The Union’s total control of the Mississippi was finally
established by the Battle of _________.
4. ___________ is famous for his “March to the Sea,”
wherein his troops burned the South to destroy the South’s
will to fight.
5. ______________ ran against Lincoln for Pres. in 1864.
A.
C.
E.
F.
I.
Vicksburg
Antietam
Fort Pillow
Gen. McClellan
Gen. Jackson
B.
D.
G.
H.
J.
Appomattox
Gettysburg
Fort Sumter
Gen. Sherman
Gen. Grant
1. A particularly gruesome massacre of African-American
prisoners of war occurred at _________.
2. The Union’s total control of the Mississippi was finally
established by the Battle of _________.
3. ___________ is famous for his “March to the Sea,”
wherein his troops burned the South to destroy the South’s
will to fight.
4. ______________ ran against Lincoln for Pres. in 1864.
5. Lee surrendered at _______________.
A.
C.
E.
F.
I.
Vicksburg
Antietam
Fort Pillow
Gen. McClellan
Gen. Jackson
B.
D.
G.
H.
J.
Appomattox
New Orleans
Fort Sumter
Gen. Sherman
Gen. Grant
1.
Lincoln originally requested that militia volunteer for ______day enlistments.
2. The first major battle between forces from the North and the
South occurred at ____________.
3. Lincoln gave command to Gen. _____________ after the initial
Union defeats.
4. After success in defending Virginia, Lee moved the Army of
Virginia north, hoping to stir rebellion in ___________.
5. The bloodiest day of the war, with over 23,000 casualties, was
fought at __________.
6. Lincoln made the Emancipation Proclamation after the Union
victory at _____________.
7. The Emancipation Proclamation liberated slaves in what
region?
8. Gettysburg dashed Southern hopes for aid from ____________.
9. Why is McClellan criticized for his victory at Antietam?
10. The Battle of Gettysburg was the last time the South did what?
THEME: The Civil War, begun as a
limited struggle over the Union,
eventually became a total war to end
slavery and transform the nation.
1. Lincoln originally requested that militia
volunteer for ______-day enlistments.
2. Lincoln gave command to Gen.
_____________ after the initial Union defeats.
3. The bloodiest day of the war, with over 23,000
casualties, was fought at __________.
4. The Emancipation Proclamation liberated
slaves in what region?
5. The Battle of Gettysburg was the last time the
South did what?
Map: McClellan's Campaign
McClellan's Campaign
The water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.
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Bull Run & 90 Day War
•
•
•
•
Optimism runs high:
Lincoln calls up 75,000 militia for 90 days
Pressure to engage South leads to Bull Run.
Union outnumbers South, but “Stonewall” Jackson holds
and Southern reinforcements win the field.
• Union drive to Richmond ends, humiliating retreat to DC
EFFECTS:
1. South overconfident, invades MD and PA
2. Lincoln and North begin to consider emancipation.
3. Lincoln appoints McClellan commander.
McClellan
http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/lincpix/mclell.jpg
McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign
• 1861: George B. McClellan given command of Army of
the Potomac
• Good organizer and drillmaster  trained troops well,
popular with them
• Overcautious and slow to commit, arrogant
• 1862: McClellan moves, finally, on Richmond
• Takes one month to capture Yorktown with 100,000
troops
• Stalls at Richmond, routed in Lee’s counter-attack, the
Seven Day’s Battles
HOW WOULD A VICTORY FOR McCLELLAN HAVE
CHANGED THE WAR?
Map: McClellan's Campaign
McClellan's Campaign
The water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.
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EFFECTS OF PENINSULAR
CAMPAIGN
•
•
•
•
McClellan removed from command
Hardens North’s resolve
Move toward total war
Embrace Anaconda Plan and Emancipation
as strategies (vs. moral decisions)
• Invade Mississippi and Ohio rivers,
spreading war to the west and deep south
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee
Lee takes command of
Confederate forces after Johnson
is wounded at Richmond during
the Peninsular Campaign.
Responsible for aggressive
Southern strategy during Seven
Days Battles.
Both General Grant and General
Lee were West Point graduates and
had served in the U.S. Army
during the War with Mexico. Their
bloody battles against each other in
1864 stirred northern revulsion to
the war even as they brought its
end in sight. (National Archives)
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Second Bull Run
• McClellan is defeated at Richmond, replaced by
Gen. Pope as Union commander
• Lee moves north toward Washington, DC
• Gen. Pope engages Lee at Second Bull Run,
August 29-30, 1862, and is crushed.
• Lee and Army of N. VA move into MD, hoping
to stir rebellion.
• MD stays neutral
• Armies meet at Antietam Creek, Maryland
on Sept. 17, 1862
Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam
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The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam
This map illustrates the anaconda plan at work. The Union navy closed southern harbors while Grant's troops worked to seal
the northern end of the Mississippi River. The map also shows the Battle of Antietam (September 1862), in which
Confederate troops under Robert E. Lee were finally defeated by the Union army under General George McClellan.
Antietam, September 17, 1862
• McClellan returned to command
• Lee swings north and crosses the Potomac
• Lee’s battle plans are discovered, showing his division of
forces; McClellan does not act on info for 18 hours!
• It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000
(2x the number of dead and wounded on D-Day)
• Some consider Antietam the high water mark of the
South’s chances for victory (vs. Gettysburg) because
foreign powers never come as close to endorsing Conf.
Cause again
• McClellan’s greatest blunder? Could have ended the war.
Lincoln and McClellan at Antietam
http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/lincpix/visit2.jpg
Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862
The War in the East, 1861-1862
Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's
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invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam.
Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady
Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady
An exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam, taken by Mathew Brady,
opened in October of 1862 in New York City. Although few knew it, Brady's vision
was very poor, and this photograph of Confederate dead was actually made by his
assistants, Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson. (Library of Congress)
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Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew
Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the
war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When
Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited
in line to see them. (Library of Congress)
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Contraband slave group
Contraband slave group
A group of "contrabands" (liberated slaves) photographed at Cumberland Landing,
Virginia, May 14, 1862, at a sensitive point in the war when their legal status was
still not fully determined. The faces of the women, men, and children represent the
human drama of emancipation. (Library of Congress)
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Fording the Rappahannock River
Fording the Rappahannock River
When federal troops came close enough those slaves who could do so fled behind
Union lines. These Virginia fugitives, lugging all their possessions, move toward
freedom in the summer of 1862, after the Second Battle of Bull Run. (Library of
Congress)
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“. . . on the first day of January . . .
all persons held as slaves within any
State, or designated part of a State,
the people whereof shall then be in
rebellion against the United States
shall be then, thenceforward, and
forever free.“
President Abraham Lincoln,
preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation, September 22, 1862
Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
• Antietam’s “victory” gives Lincoln the “opportunity” to
issue preliminary proclamation on Sept. 23, 1862.
• Emancipates only those slaves in states still in rebellion,
NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!!
• Settles the “contraband” question.
• Many slaves escape North to join Union
• Ends the possibility of a negotiated settlement
• Unpopular in Sections of North, Copperheads gain support
QUESTION: Did the Emancipation Proclamation
“ennoble” the cause of the North?
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
This engraving celebrating the
Emancipation Proclamation first
appeared in 1863. While it places a
white Union soldier in the center, it also
portrays the important role of African
American troops and emphasizes the
importance of education and literacy.
(The Library Company of Philadelphia)
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Blacks Enlist
• 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of
forces)
• Face discrimination & opposition from Northern Whites
• Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially
• 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners
• 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick
Douglass (Glory)
• Many executed by South as prisoners
• South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of the
war, with little impact/effect
Black Troops from Company E
Black Troops from Company E
Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in
1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African
Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago
Historical Society)
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Gettysburg: Prologue
• Burnside replaces McClellan as Union commander
after Antietam, is destroyed at Fredericksburg,
loosing 10,000.
• Hooker replaces Burnside, is destroyed at
Chancellorsville, replaced by Meade (for Union).
• South looses Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
during Chancellorsville, accidentally shot by his
own men.
Map: The War in the East, 1863
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The War in the East, 1863
Victorious at Chancellorsville in May 1863, Lee again invaded Union territory but was decisively stopped at Gettysburg.
Wounded at Fredericksburg
Wounded at Fredericksburg
In this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many
women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges.
Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who
were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their
wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress)
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War dead, Fredericksburg
War dead, Fredericksburg
Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the
realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell
shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg,
Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using
their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that
veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress)
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Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg
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Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863).
Gettysburg
• Meade’s 92,000 meet Lee’s 76,000 July1-3, 1863
• Close victory for Union after Pickett’s charge fails
• Marks furthest northern advance of Confederac
• Though South in decline, fighting goes on to 1865
Ends discussion in Europe about helping South
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time
Gettysburg: Day 1, July 1st
• Southern troops, many barefoot, hear that there
is a supply of shoes at Gettysburg.
• Union Gen. Buford recognizes that Gettysburg
has excellent roads and hills to use to fight Lee.
• Buford’s small force of dismounted cavalry
holds on long enough for reinforcements to
arrive.
• Stage is set: 90,000 Union troops will face
75,000 Southern troops the next day.
Map: The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg
In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was
repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.
Gettysburg: Day 2, July 2nd
• Lee orders Gen. Longstreet to try to capture
Cemetery Ridge.
• Heavy fighting occurs in the Peach Orchard,
Devil’s Den, and the Wheatfield (now natl.
landmarks).
• Rebel troops try to capture Little Round Top to
position artillery on it.
• Col Chamberlain and men of Maine hold hill
and repulse attack with bayonet charge.
• Day is saved for Union. Lines hold.
Map: The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg
In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was
repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.
Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg
battlefield. (Library of Congress)
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Map: The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg
In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was
repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.
A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863
A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863
(Library of Congress)
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Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over
25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the
camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in
northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)
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Gettysburg Address
November 1863
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular
at time, becomes part of national identity.
• Lincoln speaks for two minutes
• Follows popular speaker Edward Everett,
who speaks for two hours.
• Both men speak at a dedication of a
cemetery for the war dead.
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg
Map: The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg
In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was
repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.
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r/photos.htm