Transcript Unit 1 - SOL Review - Reconstruction

SOL Review Materials for
Unit One
Unifying the Nation: The Reconstruction and
Settling the West
1. Know the physical features and
climate of the Great Plains
 Flatlands that rise
gradually from east to
west
 West of the
Mississippi, starting
at the 100th Meridian.
 East of the Rockies
 Land eroded by wind and
water
 Low rainfall
 Frequent dust storms
2. Farmers on the Great Plains
Relied on Inventions and Adaptations
Dry Farming Methods:
Drilling seeds deeper,
turning soil after rains,
irrigation, use of
windmills
Adaptations for Farming on
the Great Plains:
 Steel plows
 Sod houses
 Barbed Wire
 Windmills
3. Farmers and Cattle Ranchers
relied upon railroads to get
their crops to market!
 The cattle trails below
are in green. Every
cattle trail ended at a
railroad line – a
cowtown – where the
livestock were put on
trains and sent to
meatpacking centers like
Chicago, IL.
 Wheat farmers depended
on the railroads to get
their crops to market,
too. Often, they
complained that shipping
costs were too high!
4. The Reconstruction Amendments
Collectively, these amendments are
known as the Reconstruction Amendments:
 The 13th Amendment: The 13th
Amendment bans slavery in the United
States and all of its territories.
 The 14th Amendment: The 14th
Amendment grants citizenship to all
persons born in the United States
and guarantees them equal protection
under the law.
 The 15th Amendment:
The 15th
Amendment ensures all male citizens
the right to vote regardless of
race, color, or previous condition
of servitude.
5. Significant Individuals of the
Reconstruction Era, 1865 - 1877
Abraham Lincoln
As the President of the
United States at the end of
the Civil War, he crafted a
Reconstruction plan calling
for reconciliation. The
10% Plan would have made it
easy on the Confederate
States to rejoin the union.
Lincoln believed that
preservation of the Union
was more important than
punishing the South!
6. Significant Individuals of the
Reconstruction Era, 1865 - 1877:
Robert E. Lee
 He urged Southerners to
reconcile with Northerners
at the end of the war and
reunite as Americans when
some wanted to continue to
fight.
 He believed that former
slaves should not be allowed
to vote – a view also held
by Andrew Johnson.
 He became president of
Washington College, which is
now known as Washington &
Lee University.
7. Significant Individuals of the
Reconstruction Era, 1865 - 1877
Frederick Douglass
This former abolitionist
fought for adoption of
constitutional amendments
that guaranteed voting
rights for AfricanAmericans. He championed
the 15th Amendment.
Was a powerful voice for
human rights and civil
liberties for all!
8. The Accomplishments of the Radical
Republicans During Reconstruction
•
•
•
•
The Radical Republicans
wanted African Americans to
have full political and
economic equality.
•
African Americans could hold public
office.
Southern military leaders could not
hold office.
African Americans gained equal rights
as a result of the Civil Rights Act of
1866
Northern soldiers occupied the South
and enforced the laws!
The Freedmen’s Bureau was
established to aid formerly enslaved
African-Americans in the South.
9. The Former Confederacy
Resists
 Southerners hated
carpetbaggers – Northerners
who had come South to help
with Reconstruction. Former
confederates believed they
were taking advantage of the
South. Often, they were
teachers or missionaries.
 Southern states adopted
“Black Codes” to limit the
economic and physical
freedom of former slaves.
The laws were used to reinstitute conditions similar
to slavery.
 Rights that African
Americans had gained were
lost through “Jim Crow”
laws.
10. The Compromise of 1877
 Reconstruction ended as a result of
the Compromise of 1877 – a bargain
between Republicans and Democrats
that settled the Presidential Election
of 1876.
 Rutherford B. Hayes became
President of the United States.
 Federal troops were removed from
the South.
 As a result, the reforms that had
granted African-Americans rights
and equality were lost.
 Black codes and “Jim Crow” Laws
were passed to take away African
American Rights.
 Opportunities for land
ownership (The
Homestead Act)
 Technological advances
in transportation and
communication
(Transcontinental
Railroad, Telegraph)
 Possibility of
obtaining wealth,
created by the
discovery of gold and
silver – although most
did not.
 Adventure
 Desire for a new
beginning for former
enslaved African
Americans (Buffalo
Soldiers, or
“Exodusters”)
11. Factors Encouraging
Westward Expansion
12. American Indians Resist Settlers
 Opposition by
American Indians to
Westward Expansion.
(Battle of Little
Bighorn, Sitting
Bull, Geronimo)
 Forced relocation
from traditional
lands to
reservations (Chief
Joseph of the Nez
Percé “I Will Fight
No More Forever
Speech”)
13. American Indians Lose Territory
•
•
•
Reduced population
through warfare and
disease (Smallpox,
the Battle of
Wounded Knee)
Assimilation
attempts and
lifestyle changes
(e.g., reduction of
buffalo population)
Reduced their
homelands through
treaties that were
broken
The US Army authorized
the killing of hundreds
of thousands of buffalo
during the 19th Century
in order to prevent
Native Americans from
continuing a nomadic
lifestyle. The pile of
bones to the left is
made of buffalo skulls.
The Wounded Knee
Massacre of 1890 was
one of the last violent
encounters between the
US Army and the Native
Americans. Hundreds
of members of the
Sioux tribe were cut
down by machine gun
fire.