Transcript The Civil War

The Verge of War
I. North and South Try to Compromise
•A. The Slavery Issue in the West
– 1. Win in Mexican War made conflict worse.
– 2. 1820 population favored the North
• More seats in the House of Representatives
15 slave states
3. 1849 there were 15 free and ___
* Debate over status of new western territories as
______
slave states.
B. Congressional Debate Begins
• 1. Wilmot’s __________
Proviso
(condition added to a bill)
proposed a ban on slavery in
all former Mexican
__________
territory.
2. Calhoun’s debate called
the “Platform of the South”
said that Congress couldn’t ban
slavery.
3. Stephen Douglas proposed
popular sovereignty – allowing
each state to vote and decide.
C. Issues Affect Election Results
• 1. The (anti-slavery)
____________
Free Soil Party was
formed – its campaign slogan
stating “Free soil, free speech,
free labor, and free men.”
• 2. 1848 – “Old Rough and
Ready” _______________
Zachary Taylor
wins the election – but took no
position on slavery.
• 3. CA and NM wanted to ban
(deny) slavery.
D. Compromise of 1850
• 1. Proposed by Henry Clay
• 2. Included 5 new laws:
– A. CA - _________
free state
– B. NM organized with
Popular
sovereignty
___________________.
– C. UT organized with
___________________.
Popular sovereignty
slave trade must
– D. The _______
end in Washington, DC.
– E. Federal government would
return
provide aid in the ________
of runaway slaves.
• 3. Congressional debate over
compromise
– A. Calhoun asked, “How
can the Union be
preserved?”
– B. Daniel Webster replied,
1844 Political Cartoon showing
“I speak today for the
presidential candidates Polk and
preservation
of the Union
______________________.”
Clay. (Andrew Jackson, Daniel Webster,
Martin Van Buren look on)
4. In 1850, after President
Taylor’s death, President
What if Clay had won? Could
_________________
backed
Millard
Fillmore
slavery have continued and
Clay’s compromise.
would there have been a Civil
War?
E. All Southern States Accepted the
Compromise of 1850 With Certain
Conditions:
• 1. Fugitive Slave Law
must be obeyed.
• 2. Congress cannot
abolish slavery in
Washington, DC.
• 3. Congress cannot
deny new slave
territories.
F. Conflict Arises • 1. Many Northerners refused
to obey the
__________________
Fugitive
Slave Law of 1850.
• 2. Southern leaders were again
claiming state sovereignty.
G. Election of 1852 – Franklin Pierce
Supported The Compromise And
Won By A Landslide.
II. Compromises Fail
A. Compromise of 1850
Only Lasts 2 Years
Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Story about slaves & their owners in
South
 Stirred up strong feelings:
 North – Masterpiece, South - Lie
  Stowe is from the North
- minister’s daughter
  History of helping
fugitive slaves
– A gifted writer - many
began to think about
slavery
B. Kansas-Nebraska Act
 Bill introduced by Senator Stephen Douglas
  To organize these territories - proposes
popular sovereignty
  Conflicts with earlier MO Compromise
  Would allow a transcontinental RR
  E. Coast - Chicago to the W. Coast
  Southerners wanted RR to cross TX
• Purpose of the Gadsden Purchase
  1854 Kansas-Nebraska
Act passes
  Stirs northern emotions
- Whig party splits
  South - Democratic
majority
  North - Free-Soil joins
Republicans
  “Bleeding Kansas”
bloodshed over slave vote
May 1856 – While sitting at his
desk in the Senate chamber,
Senator Charles Sumner is
savagely beaten with a cane
by Congressman Preston
Brooks of South Carolina
C. Election of 1856
 John C. Fremont
(Republican) vs.
  Winner - James
Buchanan (Democrat)
  Buchanan carries
Southern vote
D. Dred Scott Case
  A black slave in
Missouri
  Travels (with
owner) to (free)
Illinois & Wisconsin,
but returns to MO
  Abolitionists
support suing for
freedom
Supreme Court Decision:
  Where a slave lives does not
matter
  Slaves have no Constitutional
rights
  They are property of owners
and Congress cannot deny
movement of property
•
Outcomes:
– 1. Missouri Compromise
Unconstitutional
– 2. Slavery is protected under the
Constitution
– 3. Amendment required to abolish
slavery
III. The South Leaves the Union
A. Election of 1860
• 1. Abraham Lincoln
becomes 16th President
  Carries the N & W,
40% of popular vote
• 2. Secession Feared
  Not favored by every
slave state
• - Lincoln pledges not to
touch existing slave states
B. Inauguration March 1861 –
7 States Already Seceded
C. Confederate States of America
Formed
  Jefferson Davis –
President (former
Mississippi senator)
  New constitution
based on idea of states
rights within the
Confederacy
D. Lincoln Refuses to Recognize
the Confederacy
  Believed – states have no right to secede
• * Strategy:
• If war – Confederates will fire first
IV. War Begins – Union vs.
Confederacy
A. Fort Sumter (Charleston, SC) April 1861
  Union troops occupied –
low on supplies
  Confederate orders –
Attack if re-supplied
  Ships arrive, negotiation
fails
  Confederate troops
bombard for 36 hours
* Union surrenders – No battle deaths
B. Battle Sparks
Union Patriotism –
Support For War
C. Border States –
MO, KY, DE, MD –
Stay In Union
D. West Virginia
(Union) – Breaks
From Virginia
E. Sides Are Chosen – Families,
Friends, Military Officers, States
• Robert E. Lee –
Initially loyal to
Union, but
ultimately to VA
• Gifted military
officer
F. Northern (Federal) Plan:
• 1. Gain control of Confederacy’s vast lands
• 2. Defeat southern armies
• 3. Destroy Confederacy’s desire & ability to fight
– Goals:
– a. Capture (Confederate) Capital – Richmond, VA
– b. Control the Mississippi River (separates E & W)
– c. Stop Confederate trade abroad:
 Export: Cotton
 Import: Military supplies
• Slow start – lacked military strength
G. Confederate Plan – Defend
Home Cause
•Has skilled military
H. First Major Fighting
 Battle of Bull Run (Manassas, VA) July 1861
 Confederate General Thomas “Stone
Wall” Jackson blocks Northern advance
 Union troops retreat to Washington, DC
Dec. 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg, VA
V.
The Turning Point –
Summer 1863
A. Gettysburg, PA - July 1-3
  Union Commander George Meade
knows Lee’s intention
  Confederate Commander Robert
E. Lee – needed surprise attack
– 1. Battle lasted 3 days
 Day 1 – Only partial fighting
 Union troops retreat
to Cemetery Ridge
Gettysburg - Days 2 & 3 – Intense
fighting
  Pickett’s Charge –
final Confederate
charge (15K soldiers)
  Forced to retreat &
return to VA
• 2. Union Victory
- heavy casualties
(both sides)
B. Lincoln’s
Gettysburg Address
(Nov. 1863)
• Speech for
dedication of
Soldiers
National
Cemetery
C. Vicksburg, Miss. – 3 Months
Fighting Ends July 4th
  City heavily
defended by
Confederate
army
  Protects the
Mississippi River
– Union victory
separates SE
from SW
D. Chattanooga, TN – Fall 1863
• Union Victory – Gains major
communication & transportation center
E. Confederate Army Struggles –
Union Victory Seems Evident
•*Grant now Commander of Union forces
*General William Tecumseh Sherman in
charge of West
F. Grant Sends Sherman to
Attack Atlanta, GA
• a. Orders: Destroy
Confederates’ ability to
fight
– 1. Occupies Atlanta – Sept.
1864
– 2. Moves east & destroys 60 mi.
wide path – Atlanta to Savannah
– 3. Destroyed all supplies for
Confederate army
• b. Sherman enforces
the Emancipation
Proclamation
  Plantations raided
(owners at war)
c. Savannah to
Columbia, SC –
destroys all supply
lines in-between
G. Naval Battles
• 1. North imposes
a blockade of all
southern ports
  Strategy – cut off
supply lines
* South used fast
ships “blockade
runners”
• 2. Modern naval warfare
begins (1862)
  The ship Merrimac is
captured early –
Confederates rename it
Virginia – it becomes an
ironclad battleship
  Union Monitor –
ironclad battleship – fights
the Virginia
  Battle ends in standoff
3. (1865) Union Navy
stronger – blocks most
Confederate supply ships
H. Richmond Becomes Focus
  Grant advances south – meets
Lee’s forces
  Battle of the Wilderness (northern
Virginia)
  Spotsylvania
  Cold Harbor (10 mi. from
Richmond)
  Richmond, VA (Confederate
capital) – Grant uses siege warfare
  Lee’s troops outnumbered 2:1, fight
trench warfare
• 9 month siege – Grant captures
Richmond
VI. The War Ends - Appomattox
Court House, Virginia
A. Richmond falls
to Union troops –
April 1, 1865
B. Grant pursues
Lee to Appomattox
C. Lee Surrenders
April 9
•D. Confederate President Jefferson
Davis captured May 10
* May 26 – Last Confederate Army
Surrenders
Study Guide – Civil War Unit
Directions: Write the term that
best fits each description.
1. Plan proposed by Henry Clay
to keep the number of slave and
free states equal ___________________
Missouri Compromise
2. Proposed law to ban slavery in lands won from Mexico
Wilmot Proviso
______________
3. Loyalty to a state or section rather than to the country as
sectionalism
a whole ____________
4. Policy that would allow the people of a territory to
decide for themselves whether to allow slavery
Popular sovereignty
________________
5. War between people of the same country ___________
civil war
6. Antislavery author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin
___________________
Harriet
Beecher Stowe
7. President who supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act
______________
Franklin Pierce
8. Slave who sued for his freedom because he had lived
Dred Scott
in free territory__________
9. Law proposed by Stephen Douglas of Illinois that
allowed territories to organize and choose whether they
would become free or slave states Kansas-Nebraska
________________
Act
10.They rejoiced at the Dred Scott decision___________
southerners
11.Democratic candidate that was elected President in
1856_________________
James Buchanan
12.Proposal by Henry Clay that involved five new laws
on the issue of slavery, it was negotiated between
North & South before it became law
Compromise
of 1850
__________________
13. Law that caused great conflict in the North because it
required escaped slaves to be returned to their owners
Fugitive Slave Law
_________________
14. Former slave and abolitionist, he had two sons
fighting with the Massachusetts 54th, the all black
regiment that attacked Fort Wagner____________
Frederick Douglass
15. Slave state that chose to remain in the Union during
the Civil War _________
Maryland
16.________________________
William Tecumseh Sherman was the Union general
who led the “march to the sea” after capturing Atlanta,
destroying the Confederacy’s ability to fight.
17.The Battle of _________
Gettysburg was seen as being a turning
point in the Civil War.
18.The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865, when Lee
Appomattox Court House
surrendered to Grant at _______________________.
19.Location where the first shots of the Civil War were
Fort Sumter
fired was ____________.
20.Part of the __________
plan was to gain control of the
Federal
enemy’s vast lands and destroy their desire to fight.
21.President Lincoln appointed _______________
Ulysses S. Grant as
commander of the Union forces in 1864.
22.______________
Jefferson Davis was president of the Confederate States
of America (CSA).
23.The ____________
Confederacy had an early advantage because they
possessed many skilled military officers.
24.____________________
Vicksburg, Mississippi was located along the
Mississippi River and a key battle location, where
fighting lasted three months.
Richmond, Virginia became the
25.At the end of the war, __________________
focus of the Union’s advances because it was the capital
of the Confederacy.