Transcript Sherman`s March to the Sea

Gettysburg Address
November 1863
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular
at time, becomes part of national identity.
• Lincoln speaks for two minutes
• Follows popular speaker Edward Everett,
who speaks for two hours.
• Both men speak at a dedication of a
cemetery for the war dead.
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg
THEME: After several years of
seesaw struggle, the Union armies
under Ulysses Grant finally wore
down the Southern forces under
Robert E. Lee and defeated the
Confederate bid for independence.
1. Lincoln originally requested that militia
volunteer for ______-day enlistments.
2. Lincoln gave command to Gen.
_____________ after the initial Union defeats.
3. The bloodiest day of the war, with over 23,000
casualties, was fought at __________.
4. The Emancipation Proclamation liberated
slaves in what region?
5. The Battle of Gettysburg was the last time the
South did what?
War in the West
• Grant surprises all, seizing control of western rivers
with gunboats, securing Tennessee and Kentucky
• Shiloh, hotly contested battle for West.
• Admiral Farragut captures New Orleans for North,
moves up Mississippi.
• Grant’s siege of Vicksburg succeeds, Confederacy is
cut in half – Union controls Mississippi, and
“Butternut”region.
• Ends talk of support for South from France and
Britain
Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady
Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady
Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in
the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other
in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight.
(National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Map: War in the West, 1861-1863
Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg
The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg
Grant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast,
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg.
The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864
The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864
Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to
garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened
troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Atlanta's Depot, 1864
Atlanta's Depot, 1864
Atlanta's depot in ruins after Sherman's
siege of the city in 1864. (Library of
Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Sherman begins “total war” on South
• Invades Georgia with 60,000 men
• Targets homes, railways, crops, towns
• Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta 9/1864
• After destroying GA, went into SC
GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front.
Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight.
WAS IT A SUCCESS?
It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many
atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.
Map: Sherman's March to the Sea
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman's March to the Sea
Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of
"bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864,
destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows
Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn
bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The Bitter End
• Vallandingham Controversy and the Copperheads
• Election of 1864: Democrats split into 3 groups –
War Democrats, Peace Democrats and
Copperheads
• Republicans and War Dems form the Union Party,
McClellan runs on Southern Democratic ticket
• Lincoln wins: “bayonet votes” and recent victories
in war help swing the vote to Lincoln
Title: UNION AND LIBERTY! UNION AND SLAVERY!
Year: 1864
Creator: M. W. Siebert, New York
Description: An anti-McClellan broadside, contrasting Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln's advocacy of equality and free labor in the North
to Democratic opponent McClellan's alleged support of the Southern slave system. The comparison is made in two scenes, "Union and Liberty"
(left) and "Union and Slavery" (right).
In the first, Lincoln shakes the hand of a bearded man wearing a square paper labor cap, while black and white school children issue from a
schoolhouse flying the American flag in the background.
On the right McClellan, in military uniform, shakes the hand of Confederate president Jefferson Davis, as a slave auction takes place behind them.
URL: http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/photo_credits.asp?photoID=379&subjectID=4&ID=9
http://www.nps.gov/archiv
e/liho/1864/1864e.htm
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000c7.htm
The Bitter End
• Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant
• Grant grinds down Lee’s army with his 100,000
men
• “blood and guts” battles at Wilderness (50,000)
and Cold Harbor (7,000 in 7 minutes)
• Grant’s strategy = WAR OF ATTRITION!!!
• Lee surrenders at Appomatox Courthouse, April
9, 1865
• Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865
• Lincoln’s death a great loss for the South. Why??
Map: The War in Virginia, 1864-1865
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Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia
Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia
Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those
who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Title: Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre
Year: 1865
Creator: H.H. Lloyd & Co.
“No conflict in history was such a women’s war as
the Civil War.”
• N. Women found the US Sanitary Commission
• 20,000 N. Women work as nurses
• Famous women nurses:
– Clara Barton (N)
– Dorothea Dix (N)
– Sally Tompkins (S)
(image is Clara Barton)
• 3 out of 4 S. men serving  increased
responsibility and power for S. women, esp.
widows
http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/clarabarton.html
WOMEN & THE WAR
Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady
Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady
Clean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over
unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
WHY DID THE SOUTH”S
STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin moves people of England and France
to oppose their governments joining the South and
breaking the Union blockade/Anaconda Plan.
• Britain relies on Union grain shipments to off-set
shortages (King Corn defeats King Cotton)
• Trent, Alabama, and Laird Ram crises: these violations
of neutrality threaten war with Britain/Canada.
Diplomacy succeeds and Britain pays damages.
• Confederacy has same problems as Articles of
Confederation – weak central government
• Jefferson Davis not popular, threatened w/ impeachment
“After four years of arduous
service marked by unsurpassed
courage and fortitude, the Army
of Northern Virginia has been
compelled to yield to
overwhelming numbers and
resources.”
-Robert E. Lee
Effects of the War
• Federal government predominant over states
• Federal government takes activist role in the
economy
– Higher tariffs, free land, national banking system
FINAL ANALYSIS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
618,000 troops dead
1,000,000 wounded
Bereft women seek non-domestic roles
Four million African Americans free, not equal
Industrial workers face wartime inflation
$15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs)
Nullification and Secession now defunct
Republican democracy proven viable to world
Casualties of War
An Organizational Revolution
• Modern bureaucratic state emerges
• Individualism gives way to organized,
cooperative activity
• Catalyst for transformation of American
society in the late nineteenth century
MEANS TO AN END?
During the war Lincoln violated the Constitutional
limits on his powers:
1. Initiated blockade w/o advice/consent of Congress
2. Increased size of army w/o advice/consent of
Congress
3. Appropriated funds w/o advice/consent of Congress
4. Suspended habeas corpus
5. “supervised” voting in border states (intimidation)
6. Violated freedom of the press
Also, the DRAFT: Was it necessary? Just?