Transcript Grade 8 TEKS: U.S. Colonial Period through Reconstruction

Grade 8 TEKS/TAKS:
U.S. Colonial Period
through Reconstruction
Presentation by Mr. Hataway
Created April 9, 2005
Revised April 14, 2010
1607


First permanent
English settlement in
North America
established by the
Virginia Company.
Settlement called
Jamestown in honor
of King James I of
England.
1607

What factors encouraged settlement?



Peace with Spain
Lure of adventure
Markets and the prospect of religious freedom
1776

June 7, 1776,
Richard Henry Lee
of Virginia moves for
independence at the
Second Continental
Congress.
1776

Committee including
Thomas Jefferson,
Benjamin Franklin,
John Adams, Roger
Sherman, and
Robert Livingston,
charged with
drafting the
document.
1776

July 4, 1776, fifty-six representatives from
the thirteen colonies approved the
Declaration of Independence.
Unalienable Rights



Fundamental rights.
Natural rights guaranteed to people naturally
instead of by law.
The Declaration of Independence equates
natural rights with several truths, “that all
men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights; that among these are life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Articles of Confederation




The nation’s first constitution
Adopted by the Second Continental
Congress in 1781 during the Revolution.
Gave Congress limited authority.
Congress lacked the power to tax,
regulate trade, or control coinage.
1787

Between May 25
and September 17,
1787, delegates met
in Philadelphia to
revise the Article of
Confederation.
1787


Instead they drafted
a new Constitution.
Federalists and Antifederalists faced off
over issues of states’
rights, human
liberties, and
governmental
authority.
Federalist Papers


Series of 85 essays which explained the new
government and the division of power.
Written by leading Federalists John Jay,
James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.
Federalist Papers

For example, in The
Federalist #10, Hamilton
defines the republican
form of government which
Federalists envisioned and
the process of electing
representatives to
Congress.
1803


The U.S., under the leadership of
President Thomas Jefferson, acquired
the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon
Bonaparte, ruler of France, for $15
million.
Purchase doubled the size of the U.S.
1803
1803

Marbury v. Madison

Established the principle of judicial
review, the power of the courts to
determine that a law can be declared
unconstitutional.
War of 1812



“The Second War of Independence”
U.S. drawn into war because of
economic ties to warring nations of
Great Britain and France.
They paid little attention to right of
U.S. to trade or to remain neutral in
their war.
War of I812

Pres. James Madison
asked Congress to
declare war on
Great Britain.
War of I812

Three main reasons for war:
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

Impressment of U.S. sailors
Violation of U.S. rights at sea
British support of Native American
opposition to colonial settlement.
War of 1812

After defeating
Napoleon in mid-1814,
the British took more
aggressive action.


Invaded several ports
Set fire to the White
House and the Capitol.
War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent

Signed in December 1814 formally ending
the war.
War of 1812
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Battle of New Orleans


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Took place two weeks
later – Jan. 8, 1815
Gen. Andrew Jackson
won public recognition
for defending the city
against superior British
forces.
Neither side knew the
war had already ended.
Monroe Doctrine



Formulated by Sec. of State John Q. Adams
and Pres. James Monroe in 1823
Foreign policy statement which proclaimed
that Europe should not interfere in affairs
within the U.S. or in the development of
other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Also that the U.S. would not interfere in
European affairs.
Nullification Crisis



In 1828, Congress approved a high
tariff to protect U.S. interests from
competition from foreign trade.
This angered southerners who dealt
directly with merchants in Britain.
Planters favored freedom of trade and
believed in the authority of their states
over the federal government.
Nullification Crisis


Sen. John C. Calhoun (SC), declared the
federal tariff null and void.
To prevent a civil war, Senator Henry
Clay (KY), proposed the Compromise
Tariff of 1833 which gradually reduced
the protective tariff over ten years.
Abolitionist Movement



Began during the Revolutionary era.
Pennsylvania Quakers established first
anti-slavery society in 1775.
Republic of Liberia, est. 1822, west
coast of Africa, served as a destination
for approximately 15,000 former slaves.
Abolitionist Movement


American Anti-Slavery Society founded
in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison.
African Americans, Frederick Douglass
and Sojourner Truth, played key roles in
the abolitionist movement.
American Civil War: 1861-1865

Began April 12, 1861,
with firing on Fort
Sumter and ended with
Confederate surrender at
Appomattox Court House
in early April 1865.
American Civil War: 1861-1865


South Carolina was the first to secede.
South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
formed the Confederate States of
America.
American Civil War: 1861-1865

1861


President Lincoln took oath
of office March 4, 1861
Battle of Bull Run



First battle of the war.
Fought near Manassas
Junction, Virginia.
Ended with a Confederate
victory.
American Civil War: 1861-1865

1862

Battle of Antietam

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Bloodiest single-day battle of the war
Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862
Emancipation Proclamation issued on
September 23, following the Union
victory at Antietam
American Civil War: 1861-1865
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1863

July 1-4, 1863

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Battle of Gettysburg, turned Confederate
invasion of the North.
Battle of Vicksburg, gave the Union control of
the Mississippi River.
American Civil War: 1861-1865

1864


Ulysses S. Grant appointed commander of
the Union army following Vicksburg
Gen. Grant sent Gen. William T. Sherman
to the South where he captured and
burned Atlanta.
American Civil War: 1861-1865

1865

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In April, Union troops captured Richmond
and surrounded Lee.
April 9, 1865, Gen. Robert E. Lee
surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at
Appomattox Court House in Virginia.
April 15, 1865, President Lincoln died from
an assassin’s bullet.
American Civil War: 1861-1865
Reconstruction

Radical Reconstruction

Radical Republicans in Congress favored
harsh treatment of the South and quick
incorporation of the freemen into
citizenship with full privileges including

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
voting rights for all African Americans
government seizure of land from planters for
redistribution to freedmen
funding of schools for African Americans
Reconstruction

Congress passed the Reconstruction Act
of 1867.
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Southern states had to accept the 14th
Amendment and rewrite their constitutions
so all adult men were able to vote.
Ex-Confederates were considered traitors,
therefore, not eligible to vote.
Reconstruction
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The Compromise of 1877
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Effectively ended Reconstruction.
Compromise solved an impasse caused by
the close election of 1876

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
Samuel J. Tilden (Dem)
Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep)
Southern states of LA, FL, and SC submitted
two sets of returns, one Dem and one Rep.
http://www.authentichistory.com/images/postcivilwar/maps_and_
charts/1877_compromise_of_1877.jpg
Reconstruction

The Compromise of 1877
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
Hayes became president.
Withdraw federal troops from Louisiana
and South Carolina.
Reconstruction

13th Amendment

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Adopted in 1865, eight months after the Civil War
ended.
Legally forbade slavery in the United States.
Reconstruction

14th Amendment

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Declared all persons born or naturalized
in the U.S. citizens.
All citizens were entitled to equal rights
regardless of their race.
Rights protected at both the national and
state levels by the due process of the
law.
Reconstruction

15th Amendment
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Ratified in 1870
Extended the right to vote to former adult
male slaves.
The End