Transcript Native Americans (Part 1)

Jimmy Pitts
Period 6
NATIVE AMERICANS
WESTWARD EXPANSION
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Trans-Appalachia: Cincinnati
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Cincinnati was founded in 1788 as a military fort to protect settlers from resistance by Shawnee and Miami
Indians
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The battle of Fallen Timbers broke Indian resistance in 1794
Merchants would follow the Natchez Trace
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Indian trail that linked Natchez with Nashville, Tennessee
A contradictory Indian Policy
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Indian nations of the Ohio valley resist white settlers/expansion
Settlers often push ahead of treaty boundaries
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When Indians fight back settlers call upon military aid
Leads to a devastating cycle for the Indians of invasion, resistance, and defeat
Jefferson was concerned with the fate of western Indian people
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Fighting was so fierce it was referred to as the “slaughter house”
He believed in coexistence and acculturation
Establishes a policy that cedes Indian land to white settlers who in return were to teach them how to farm and live like
whites (on their new compressed reservations)
He supported efforts to Christianize Indians
After the Louisiana Purchase he offered Indians land west of the Mississippi (claimed they would be undisturbed for
centuries)
Less than 20 years later Missouri was admitted to the union (first trans-Mississippi state)
Jefferson’s plan offered little hope to Indians
Indian Resistance
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Shawnees become divided after a defeat led by Little Turtle of the Miami tribe
WESTWARD EXPANSION (CONT.)
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Tecumseh and a group of traditional Shawnees seek refuge further west
1801-1809 William Henry Harrison (governor of Indian territory) concluded 15 treaties from Indian tribes
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In 1805 Tecumseh’s brother, Tenskwatawa (known as the Prophet) preaches Indian revitalization
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Reject all contact with Americans: alcohol, clothing, and trading goods
Return to traditional hunting and farming practices
The British send food and guns to Tenskwatawa through Canada in 1807
Form the pan-Indian military
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Forced Indians into smaller reservations
Most treaties were obtained by coercion, bribery, and trickery
Primarily aimed to prevent further westward expansion
After the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809 (which gives U.S. 3million acres of Delaware and Potawatomi land) the resistance
becomes active
Threatens that any settler that moved into the million acres would risk their lives
November, 1811: Harrison marches army of 1000 soldiers to Tippecanoe
About 150 casualties were reported on each side (although Harrison claimed victory)
Tecumseh’s followers were angered and destroyed many settlements afterward
Tecumseh formally entered an alliance with Britain
These events lead up to the war of 1812
Indian Removal
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1830 President Jackson urges the U.S. congress to pass the Indian Removal Act
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Jackson sent officials to “negotiate treaties” with southern tribes
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Appropriates funds to relocate Indians by force, if necessary
WESTWARD EXPANSION (CONT.)
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Some Seminoles fight a guerrilla war that lasts up to the 1840’s
at which point the U.S. military gave up and allowed them to stay
In 1838 the last of the Cherokees were moved (Driven west to
Oklahoma along the “Trail of Tears”)
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An estimated quarter of the 16,000 Cherokees died along the way
In 1832 the Black Hawk “war” occurs in the Old Northwest
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Cherokees fight removal with the white man’s law
Sac and Fox Indians led by Black Hawk attempt to move back to their old
tribal grounds (Illinois)
Settlers view this as an invasion and demand military protection
Over 300 Indians died in the final battle and Black hawk was taken
prisoner
Opposition over Jacksons policies began to take place
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The removal act only passed by 3 votes (out of 200)
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
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Tecumseh
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Shawnee military leader
Led a group of traditional Shawnees
further west to seek refuge from
expansion
Established the Northwest Alliance
(1809-1811)
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Fight against American invasion in the
Trans-Appalachian region
Tenskwatawa
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Brother of Tecumseh
Known as “The Prophet”
Led a pan-Indian revitalization
movement
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Reject all contact with Americans
Refuse to use alcohol, clothing, and
trading goods
Believes in a return to traditional ways
“Wealth is valuable only if it is given
away”
VOCABULARY
Vocabulary
 Natchez Trace- trail that linked Natchez with
Nashville
 Cede- to surrender, give up
 Pan-Indian- combination of Indian religious
followers, military leaders, and different tribes
 “The Five Civilized Tribes”- Cherokee, Chickasaw,
Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Indians
 Assimilation- to blend or accept other customs
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
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Cincinnati was founded as
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The Natchez Trace was
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Was concerned about the fate of the Indian people
Believed in a policy of coexistence and acculturation
Supported efforts to Christianize Indians
All of the above
What purchase was made under Jefferson and offered as a refuge to Native Americans?
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An Indian painting
A Native American weapon
An Indian trail that linked Natchez with Nashville, Tennessee
A battle site in the war of 1812
Thomas Jefferson
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A city
A military fort
An Indian burial ground
Revolution Memorial
The Ohio Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase
The Northwest Territory
The Mississippi Purchase
How were most treaties made with Indians obtained?
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Coercion
Bribery
Trickery
All of the above
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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Tenskwatawa ideals consisted of
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The Indian Removal Act
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A traditional Indian dish
An Indian weapon
A Shawnee military leader
A British military leader
Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes were known as
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The name of a river
The path in which the last of the Cherokees traveled while being removed from their homelands
A battle in the war of 1812
The path settlers took to the west
Tecumseh was
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Was established by President Jackson
Appropriated funds to remove Indians from their lands
Promised that Indians would be left alone
Both a and b
What was the “Trail of Tears”?
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Rejecting all American goods, values, and contacts
Acceptance of American ideas
Total war against Americans
The Five Civilized Tribes
Military conquerors
Savage tribes
INDIANS AND MANIFEST DESTINY
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The Fur Trade
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Beginning in the 1820’s, American fur companies begin to challenge British dominance
Not only furs but other goods transported by the fur companies were traded as well (traps, guns, ammunition,
tobacco, beads, fabric, and alcohol)
These goods were later traded with Native Americans
Yearly fur rendezvous were modeled on traditional Indian gatherings
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Many trappers sought friendly association among Indians
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The rendezvous were a many day affair
Involved American, Indian, French Canadian, and Mexican trappers
Some even contracted long marriages
Marriages acted as diplomatic links with the tribes
Expansion and Indian Policy
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Eastern Indian tribes were removed from their homelands to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma, Kansas,
and Nebraska)
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Government officials who negotiated Indian removal and placement failed to predict the great speed of
westward expansion
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This land was regarded as unfarmable
It was popularly known as the Great American Desert
In 1854, the government abolished the northern half of the Indian Territory
Many Indian people who had hoped for Independence and escape from white pressures in Indian Territory lost both their
autonomy and tribal identity
Indians of the southern Indian Territory (Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles) fared much
better
INDIANS AND MANIFEST DESTINY (CONT.)
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The removal of eastern Indian tribes did not solve the “Indian Problem”
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Many tribes still existed in the west
During the 1840’s, settlers simply ignored the other tribes and established new frontier settlements
Eventually the civil war would leave the remaining Indian peoples penned up on small reservations
Manifest Destiny, an Expansionist Ideology
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In 1830 missionaries began to spread to the Far West to Christianize Indian people
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They divided the land and created self-governing nations with their own schools and churches
They carried slavery west with them
Elite economic groups even established plantations and shipped their cotton to New Orleans like other southerners
Their goal was to “civilize” Indian people
They believed this could be achieved by destroying Indian cultures and surrounding them with good American examples
Mexican Texas
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In 1821, when Mexico gained its independence from Spain they sought a buffer to prevent attacks to their
nation of New Spain
There was Constant threat of raids by Comanche Indians
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Comanches exemplified the revolutionary changes brought about in the lives of the Plains Indians
They reintroduced horses into the American continent
Comanches raided small Texas settlements at will and even penetrated into Mexico
Comanches followed immense buffalo herds which they relied on for food and clothing
They had no interest in being converted by mission priests or incorporated into mixed race trading communities
The Mexican government granted Moses Austin of Missouri 18,000 square miles within the Texas territory
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This acted as a buffer between the newly founded Mexico and the raiding Comanches
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
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William Henry Ashley
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Worked for the Mississippi Fur Company
In 1824 he institutes the “rendezvous” system
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Yearly fur trade held in the Rocky Mountains
Furs were traded for goods which were later
traded with Indians (unless Indians directly
traded the fur)
The rendezvous was modeled on traditional
Indian trade gatherings
Indian people as well as Americans, French
Canadians, and Mexicans joined together to
trade drink and gamble
John O’Sullivan
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Gave birth to the idea of Manifest destiny
In 1845 wrote: “our manifest destiny to
overspread the continent allotted by
Providence for free development of our yearly
multiplying millions.”
Hope to bring American democracy throughout
the continent
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Belief that Indians and Mexicans if not
compliant could be removed by force
Along with manifest destiny arises evangelical
religion
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Missions are sent far west to Christianize the
Indian people
VOCABULARY
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Vocabulary
Métis: mixed race group of European men and native
women
Great American Desert: what is present day Oklahoma,
Kansas, and Nebraska
Manifest Destiny: belief that the United States was
destined to expand across the North American continent
Abolish: to put an end to something
Autonomy: independence or freedom by ones will or
actions
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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Americans began to challenge the British fur trade in
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Goods traded in the fur trade consisted of
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A mixed race group of Blacks and Whites
A mixed race group of European men and Native women
An Indian housing structure
The Indian Territory was also commonly referred to as
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Furs
Tobacco
Ammunition
All of the above
Métis were
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The 1700’s
The 1820’s
After 1910
They never played a role in the fur trade
The Great Reservation
The Indian safe zone
The Great American Desert
North America
In 1854 the American Government abolished
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Slavery
Indian Removal
The northern half of the Indian territory
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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John O’Sullivan had the idea of
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Indians of the southern Indian territory
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The belief that the United States was destined to expand
The fate of the Native Americans
The abolition of slavery
The goal of western missionaries was to
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Fared better than the Indians of the northern Indian territory
Established plantations and shipped their cotton to New Orleans
Had trouble surviving in the new reservations
Both a and b
Manifest Destiny was
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The cotton gin
The national anthem
The reaper
Manifest Destiny
Christianize Indians
Civilize Indians
Destroy Indian culture
All of the above
The Comanche Indians made what important contribution
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Establishment of the fur trade
Invention of the bow and arrow
Reintroduction of horses into the American continent
INDIANS DURING AND AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
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The War in the Trans-Mississippi West
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Southern Indian tribes who had been moved from the Old Southwest in the 1830's were still bitter over the horrors of
removal by federal troops
These Indians sympathized with the Confederacy
The Confederacy sought Indian support
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After the Civil War the federal government used the Indians support for the Confederacy as a justification for further land
cessions
38 Indians were hanged in a mass execution in Mankato on December 26, 1862
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Alarmed Whites believed them to be part of a Confederate uprising
All Sioux were further expelled from Minnesota
In 1863, U.S. Army Colonel Kit Carson invaded Navajo country in Arizona
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Indians were offered a position in the Confederate Congress
Many did fight for the Confederacy
Retaliation for Indian raids on U.S. Troops
8000 Navajos were forced on the “Long Walk” to Bosque Redondo, New Mexico, where they were held prisoners until a treaty
was signed in 1868
This shows that no part of the country was left untouched by the Civil War
Reconstruction
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After the war, white presence in the West rose to new levels
The aftermath of the Civil War caused many families to move west in hopes of purchasing cheap land and new lives as well
as hopes of finding gold
Confusions over land ownership led to many bloody battles
Army policy was to provide necessities to the Indians during winter (however quarrels picked up again as soon as the
weather cleared)
Tribes fought to defend their sacred places, hunting grounds, and way of life
INDIANS DURING AND AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
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These tribes were combated by crews that were building railroads, hunters, and even gold prospectors
General Philip Sheridan: “The only good Indian I ever saw was a dead one”
This shows the United State's attitude toward Natives Americans of the time
At War's End
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Gen. Ely S. Parker, a member of the Seneca tribe drew up the articles of surrender which Robert E. Lee signed at the
Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865
During and after the Civil War increasing pressure from white settlers began to affect the plains Indians
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Indians relied on whites for guns and ammunition and were becoming increasingly cut-off as settlers became less interesting
in trading with tribes
Almost no treaties were signed between whites and Natives after the war
Two Indian leaders, Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, led an attack against George Custer's forces (which were gold hungry
prospectors)
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Cheyenne and Sioux were among these tribes
Nomadic tribes such as these relied on horses to hunt down buffalo herds
Western Native Americans were at an increasing disadvantage with white settlers that developed more and more sophisticated
guns and weaponry
Presence of the prospectors violated a treaty established by the government almost a decade before
This attack was immediately retaliated by the U.S. Army which set out to destroy this an other Native American resistance in the
West
The American army put into practice the “war of attrition” which was effective during the Civil War
The Americans attacked and nearly depleted the herds of buffalo which Native American's deeply relied on
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Many buffalo herds were destroyed in the simple effort to starve the Native Americans
This proved successful in driving away tribes
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With a depleted food source many Natives were placed on reservations
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Indian presence was considered successfully “vanquished” by the U.S.
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Remaining Indians were once again attempted to be “Americanized” or “civilized”
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
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General Ely Samuel Parker
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Wrote the terms of surrender for
General Robert E. Lee to sign at the
Appomattox Court House on April 9,
1865
Born in 1828 in Genessee City,
New York, as a Seneca
He was commissioned to Ulysses S.
Grant's staff in 1863
In 1869, President Grant appointed
him first non-Caucasian
commissioner of Indian affairs by
Grant
Corruption among profiteers and
religious leaders led Parker to
resign
He survived the remainder of his
life off of handouts from military
colleagues
He died in August, 1895
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
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Stand Watie
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Leader of Cherokee Nation's prosouthern wing
He was born in December, 1806 in
Georgia and raised by two Cherokee
parents
He was one of the signers of the 1835
treaty which gave up Cherokee land in
Georgia in turn for land in Oklahoma
Was the only Native American to
become Brigadier General in the
Confederate army
After the war Watie moved to Breebs
Town and opened a tobacco company
A federal excise tax on tobacco the next
year caused Watie to fall into bankruptcy
after his plant was impunded
He died September, 1871
VOCABULARY
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Vocabulary
Confederacy-southern states that seceded from the
Union
Prospectors-people that came in search of gold
Buffalo-large bovine (plains Indians relied heavily on this
animal for food, tools, and clothing
Attrition-wear down or reduce by persistent attack
Brigadier General-highest rank in the army (Confederate
and Union)
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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Indians sympathized with
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The Confederacy sought Indian support by offering them
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Regarded as enemies of the Union
Hanged
Further expelled out of their homelands
All of the above
After the Civil War white presence in the west
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Land rights in the north after the war
Food and shelter
Money
Positions in the Confederate Congress
Indians that helped the Confederacy were
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The Union
The Confederacy
African Americans
reached new heights
fell dramatically
stayed the same
Whites were in search of ________ in the West
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Cheap land
Indian hospitality
Gold
Both a and c
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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Who wrote up the articles of surrender to be signed by Robert E. Lee?
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Plains Indians were at an increasing disadvantage with white settlers due to
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Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
Tecumseh and The Prophet
Ely Parker and Stand Watie
American's depleted what important resource to Plains Indians?
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New and sophisticated weaponry
Cut-off from trade
Both a and b
None of the above
Two Indian leaders that led an attack against George Custer's prospecting force were
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Tecumseh
Abraham Licoln
General Ely Samual Parker
Ulysses S. Grant
Gold
Buffalo herds
Wood
Horses
Stand Watie was the first and only Native American to
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Fight in the Union
Kill a Confederate Soldier
Become Brigadier General in the Confederate army
Move back to his homeland
SOURCES

Faragher, J, Buhle, M, Czitrom, D, & Armitage, S. (2002).
Out Of Many. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall

http://www.squidoo.com/NativeAmericansCivilWar

Brennan, M. (2009, February 9). Fighting the plains
indians: the american frontier after the war. Retrieved
from
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1428625/fi
ghting_the_plains_indians_the_american