Transcript II. American Civil War—the Causes

Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
Part Two
Discov
ery
of
a
Father
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
Background Information
I. Author
II. American Civil War
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
I.
Author
Sherwood Anderson (Sep. 13,
1876–March 8, 1941) was a
great American writer, the
author of 27 works and seven
novels. He was also a poet and
a playwright, a newspaper
editor and a political journalist.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
I. Author—his family background
Sherwood Anderson was born in
Camden, Ohio, the third of seven
children. His father had served in
the Union Army in American Civil
War and later declined from the
harness business into odd jobs
of house and sign painting.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
I.
Author—his influence
Anderson influenced a younger
generation of important writers,
including Faulkner, Hemingway,
Steinbeck and others. He made
his name as a leading naturalistic
writer with his masterwork,
WINESBURG, OHIO (1919).
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
William Faulkner
a giant in American literature,
a renowned Mississippi writer,
Nobel Prize Winner for Literature,
acclaimed throughout the world as one
of the twentieth century’s greatest
writers
Representative Works:
The Sound and the Fury (in 1929)
Go Down, Moses (in 1942)
As I Lay Dying,
Light in August,
Absalom, Absalom! （—the greatest
novels ever written by an American）
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
Ernest Hemingway
Representative Works:
The Sun also Rises
A Farewell to Arms
The Old Man and the Sea
For Whom the Bell Tolls
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
John Steinbeck
American novelist, story writer,
playwright, and essayist,
Nobel Prize Winner for Literature in
1962, best remembered for The Grapes
of Wrath (1939), a novel widely
considered to be a 20th-century
classic
Other Works:
Of Mice and Men (1937)
The Moon is Down (1942)
The Pearl (1947)
…
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
I.
Author—his works
Windy McPherson's Son, 1916
Marching Men, 1917
Mid-American Chants, 1918
Winesburg, Ohio, 1919
Poor White, 1920
The Triumph of the Egg, 1921
Horses and Men, 1921
Many Marriages, 1923
A Story Teller's Story, 1924
Dark Laughter, 1925
The Modern Writer, 1925
Sherwood Anderson's Notebook,
1926
Tar: A Midwest Childhood, 1926
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
I.
Author—his works
A New Testament, 1927
Alice and the Lost Novel, 1929
Hello Towns!, 1929
Nearer the Grass Roots, 1929
The American County Fair, 1930
Perhaps Women, 1931
Beyond Desire, 1932
Death in the Woods, 1933
No Swank, 1934
Puzzled America, 1935
Kit Brandon, 1936
Plays, Winesburg and Others, 1937
Home Town, 1940
Sherwood Anderson's Memoirs, 1942
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The end of Author.
Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II.
American Civil War
The American Civil War (1861—1865)
was the greatest war and the only war
fought on American soil. 3,000,000
people fought—600,000 people died. It
brought an end to the constitution of
slavery and paved the way for the
capitalist development in America.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
The Civil War was caused by a myriad of
conflicting pressures, principles, and prejudices,
fueled by sectional differences and pride, and set
into motion by a most unlikely set of political
events.
At the root of all of the problems was the
institution of slavery. The American Revolution
had been fought to validate the idea that all men
were created equal, yet slavery was legal in all of
the thirteen colonies throughout the revolutionary
period. Although it was largely gone from the
northern states by 1787, it was still enshrined in
the new Constitution of the United States.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
At the Constitutional Convention there were arguments
over slavery. Representatives of the Northern states
claimed that if the Southern slaves were mere property,
then they should not be counted toward voting
representation in Congress. Southerners, placed in the
difficult position of trying to argue, at least in this case,
that the slaves were human beings, eventually came to
accept the three-fifths compromise, by which five
slaves counted as three free men toward that
representation. By the end of the convention, the
institution of slavery itself, though never specifically
mentioned, was well protected within the body of the
Constitution.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
In 1808, Northern and Southern members of Congress
voted together to abolish the importation of slaves
from overseas, but the domestic slave trade continued
to flourish. The invention of the cotton gin made the
cultivation of cotton on large plantations using slave
labor a profitable enterprise in the deep South. The
slave became an ever more important element of the
southern economy, and so the debate about slavery,
for the southerners, gradually evolved into an
economically based question of money and power, and
ceased to be a theoretical or ideological issue at all. It
became an institution that southerners felt bound to
protect.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
But even as the need to protect it grew, the ability, or at
least the perceived ability of the South to do so was
waning. In 1800 half of the population of the United
States had lived in the South. But by 1850 only a third
lived there and the disparity continued to widen. While
northern industrial opportunity attracted scores of
immigrants from Europe in search of freedom, the
South's population stagnated. Even as slave states
were added to the Union to balance the number of free
ones, the South found that its representatives in the
House had been overwhelmed by the North’s explosive
growth. The South found itself at the mercy of a
government in which it no longer had an effective
voice.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
Nothing but bitterness and bad feeling
could come of it. From such a position
it was a short step to the proposition
that if a state or section of the country
no longer felt itself represented in, or
fairly treated by the Federal
Government, then it had the right to
dissolve its association with that
government. It could secede from the
Union.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
The whole mess went up in smoke in
the presidential election year of 1860.
The Democratic party split badly.
Stephen Douglas became the nominee
of the northern wing of the party. A
southern faction broke away from the
party and nominated Senator John
Breckinridge of Kentucky. The
remnants of the Whig party nominated
John Bell of Tennessee.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
Into this confusion the new Republican party
injected its nominee, Abraham Lincoln.
Lincoln was a moderate Republican. As such
he was a compromise candidate, everybody’s
second choice. He was convinced that the
Constitution forbade the Federal Government
from taking action against slavery where it
already existed, but was determined to keep it
from spreading further. South Carolina, in a fit
of stubborn pride, unilaterally announced that
it would secede from the Union if Lincoln was
elected.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
To everyone’s amazement Lincoln was victorious.
He had gathered a mere 40% of the popular vote,
and carried not a single slave state, but the vote had
been so fragmented by the abundance of factions
that it had been enough.
Abraham Lincoln,
the 16th President of
the United States
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
South Carolina, true to its word, seceded on
December 20, 1860. Mississippi left on January
9, 1861, and Florida on the 10th. Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.
On Feb 9, 1861, the Confederate States of
America was formed with Jefferson Davis, a
West Point graduate and former U.S. Army
officer, as President.
Jefferson Davis,
President of the
Confederate States
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
At 4:30 a.m., April 12, 1861, the
Confederate Army opened fire with
50 cannons upon Fort Sumter (萨姆
特炮台) in Charleston, South
Carolina. The Civil War broke out.
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the Causes
"... but one of them
would make war rather
than let the nation
survive, and the other
would accept war rather
than let it perish, and
the war came.”
Abraham Lincoln
(the Union Army)
Abraham Lincoln
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Jefferson Davis
(the Confederate Army)
II. American Civil War—
Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
Northern & Southern Leaders in the Civil War
N
S
Lee
Grant
Sherman
Johnston
Davis
Lincoln
Longstreet
Sheridan
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Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
II. American Civil War—the End
On April 9, 1865, Gen. Robert E. Lee
surrendered his Confederate Army
to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at the
village of Appomattox Court House
in Virginia. The Union of the North
finally succeeded.
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The end of American Civil War.
Lesson 2 – Discovery of a Father
Part Two
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