Transcript - Our Schools

Spring ‘61
Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address -
CSA had seized –
Ft. Sumter (Charleston, SC)
Linc. provisions the fort –
strategy April 12th –
reaction in North –
call for troops –
Southern response -
In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and
not in mine , is the momentous issue of civil war. The
government will not assail you . You can have no
conflict, without being yourselves the aggressors. You
have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the
government, while I shall have the most solemn one to
``preserve, protect and defend'' it.
 I am loth to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We
must not be enemies. Though passion may have
strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The
mystic chords of memory, streching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and
hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the
chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely
they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

The Crucial Border States
Def. – States w/ slaves IN the Union
MO, KY, MD, DE, ( W.V. )
IMPORTANT because –
1- The Capital is between MD and VA
2- They provide many raw materials to
Northern Manufacturing
Force Lincoln to – Not Free slaves to
protect those states
North
more $$$$
vs.
3/4
more people
22-9 mil
more factories
more railroads
3/4
controlled sea
South
better generals
defensive war
fighting for
home
cotton
allies?
Why didn’t England join the South?
75%, but… ‘57-’60-cotton boom
public opinion
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin
found other sources
India and Egypt
blockade runners
seized cotton
also needed North’s – wheat and corn
near conflict with UK
The Trent – British Mail Ship – Union captured 2
confederate diplomats
Lincoln backs down – “one war at a time”
The Alabama – British ship that flew confederate
flags
eventually sunk in ’64 250 american ships
sunk 15 million paid in’72 by britain to america
The Laird Rams – british ironclads for
confederacy, bought by britain
UK Backs down –canada too important
FRANCE . . . . sneaky, sneaky
invades Mexico during the war
Installs emperor Maximillian
his plan – let america beat itself
up
after the war North threatens to
take mexico, napoleon leaves,
maximillian executed
Jefferson Davis v. the states
new gov. had to – make a const.
and it had to allow for seccession
led to – states rights being too
strong. GA refused to send its
troops outside of GA. Secession?
Oh, GA!
Lincoln “necessary” violations
blockade w/o - congress
increased size of fed. army w/o -
congress
$2 million to private citizens w/o congress
suspends habeus corpus w/o - congres
IN BORDER STATES
"supervised voting" censorship, and
arrests of newspaper staff
 volunteer at first – ran out
conscription (’63) – Draft
 “$300 men” – pay for a substitute
 “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” –
 NYC draft riots (’63) – Anti-Black Irish being recruited
 200,000 deserters
 "bounty jumpers“ – $1,000 to enlist
In South
 > 20 slaves – exempt
 “cradle to grave” – 15-75
Funding the War - North
 New taxes
(alcohol, tobacco, first income tax)
 higher tariffs
the Morrill Tariff (1861)
 “Greenbacks” – money meant to inflate/not backed by
gold
 bonds – issued by private banks w/1% kickback as
incentive
Only Banks joining the National Banking System had the
right to sell
Results:
 Good: Economic BOOM!
 Bad: Profiteering – rise of the millionaire class
Funding the War - South
blockade cuts off tariff revenue
bonds - $400 million to foreigners
taxes increased, but . . .State’s Rights
folks don’t like payin’ taxes
printed money
9000% inflation!
Results In
CW DESTROYS Southern Economy
Won’t Recover for Generations
CHAPTER 22
The Furnace of Civil War, 1861—1865
1861-1865
Page 461
First Battle of Bull Run (July ’61)
South wins battle just South of D.C.
but . . . – Overconfident South feels
more confident
imp. – North needs help – South
Deserts and calls of enlistments
The Peninsula Campaign (May-July 1862)
Robert E. Lee – Protect Richmond
v.
George MacClellan – Don’t fight until you are
sure you’ll win
Mac too cautious, Lee too crafty (464)–
wins “7 Days” battles
Lee leads his first campaign into the North
(465)
Lee hopes to
1 – Capture D.C
2 – Get Maryland to go Grey
The New Union War Plan: Total War
1 blockade – Cut off cotton
2 take Mississippi – Cut CSA in 1/2 and disabl
crucial river supplylines
3 liberate slaves in CSA – Emancipation
Proclamation
4 march through heart of South (GA & SC) –Sherma
March to the Sea, lose the battle for hearts and minds
5 seize the capital – Decapitate Capital
6 fight CSA armies at every chance – Grant’s
idea to out-attrition the south
Antietam (Sept. ‘62)
MacClellan had – been reinstated
Sept. 17 ‘62 = Lee’s Advance Stopped
Mac. Forces Lee to retreat but . .-
loses his job because he didn’t chase
him down afterwards
importance – Lee almost won.
Paris and London were going to schedule
talks after confederate win
Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1 1863)
What it did – freed slaves in the
seceded states
__0__ slaves freed by it on
1/1/63
Why not abolish? – can’t lose
border states
Gettysburg (July 1863) (Union
Generals
like
Yankee
Managers)
Lee wins at :
 Fredericksburg, VA (Burnside) Dec
 Chancellorsville, VA (Hooker) May
Loses Stonewall
 invades North – victory could get peace activists aroused
Gettysburg, PA (Meade) July
 biggest, most important battle of war (472)
 July 1–3
50,000 + casualties
 July 3rd “Pickett’s charge” – last lunge
 “high tide of the Confederacy” – furthest north any real
confederate soldier would get
Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here
gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do
this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—
this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we
say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us —
that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave
the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have
died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that
government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Vicksburg (July 4, 18 63)
Ulysses S. Grant – drank too much
“the butcher” – didn’t negotiate/pinned
names and addresses to soldiers
backs before rough battles
Wins @ Shiloh (TN) –1862 (475)
finally takes Vicksburg – vicksburg
eating mules and rats
imp. – The Mississippi is Union. TX, LA,
AR all don’t matter
Grant vs. Lee (Virginia 1864 -65)
Grant attacks Lee near Richmond (480)
series of rugged battles – up and down
Shenendoah valley
War of Attrition – who can outlast?
From May to June
Grant loses 65,000
Lee loses 35,000
But – Grant has more to lose.
Surrender at Appomattox (April 9, 1865)
Lee surrenders the Army of
Northern Virginia to Grant –
urges confederacy to follow
Within a couple months Lincoln is sitting in Davis’ Chair
Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)
Cuts path across GA & SC –
60 miles wide
Total War – devestate
EVERYbody
“War is Hell” – no joke,
Sherman
Impact of War
600,000 –
Dead
380,000 -
injured
political changes:
1. Federal Power Wins
2. Slave Status
th
13 Amendment (’65) –Abolishes
slavery
economic impact – 15 billion in
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
“Reconstruction” =
Lincoln’s Plan = lenient =
10% Andrew Johnson continues
Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner -
“constitutional suicide” –
“conquered provinces” -
2 Goals
12Proposed Wade-Davis Bill Lincoln pocket-vetoed it
Andrew Johnson vs the Rad. Rep
Dec. ’65 Rad. Rep. refused to -
Civil Rights Act of 1866 Freedmen’s Bureau Act Johnson vetoes both
Congress overrides his veto
Reconstruction Act of 1867
5 military districts ratify _____
guarantee _________ to blacks
Johnson _______, Congress _______
“black reconstruction” (1867-1877) –
scalawags carpetbaggers -
Impeachment of Johnson
similar to Clinton Tenure of Office Act Impeached -
“not guilty” by 1 vote -
Grant wins in 1868
500,000 wins by 310,000 th
15 Amendment
ratified in 1870 -
-
Reconstruction Era Amendments
13 –
14 –
15 –
All of these left out _________ .
Reconstruction Ends
by 1870
Compromise of 1877 (ch24)
Republicans get –
Democrats get "Redeemer" Governments -
Reconstruction Ends
KKK disenfranchisement –
literacy tests –
poll taxes
grandfather clause
sharecropping – the new slavery -
Anti-Union Voices in the North
Avoid the Draft! . . . Volunteer!
Draft Day
Got $300 ?
The Gettysburg Address (Nov. 22, 1863)
The Assassinaton of Lincoln (April 14, 1865)