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C
HOLT
The Road to the Civil War
ALL TO
Building Tensions
REEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
The Missouri Compromise
(1820)
Addressed two issues:
 the expansion of slavery
 the balance of free and slave states
 Conditions
F
 Maine enters the Union as a free state
 Missouri enters the Union as a slave state
 Slavery will be prohibited in new states or
territories north of 36°30’ latitude
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
The Road to the Civil War
Building Tensions
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Manifest Destiny and Expansion
1840s belief that Americans were destined
expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
The Road to the Civil War
Building Tensions
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Acquiring Oregon and Texas
Texas
 Texas congress approved annexation and
Texas became the 28th state in December
1845.
Oregon
 Britain and the United States signed a treaty
in 1846 dividing Oregon at the 49th parallel.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
The Road to the Civil War
Building Tensions
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
The Mexican Cession
 This land included the present day states of
California, Nevada, and Utah. It also included
most of Arizona, New Mexico and parts of
Colorado and Wyoming.
 Gadsden Purchase
 $10 million
 Included southern Arizona and New Mexico
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
The Debate over Slavery
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
The New Territories and Slavery Expansion
 Additional territories renewed the debate over
slavery expansion
 upset balance of free and slave states
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
The Debate over Slavery
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
The New Territories and Slavery Expansion
 Wilmot Proviso (1846) – proposal to outlaw
slavery in the territory added to the United
States by the Mexican Cession
 Sectionalism – devotion to a region rather than
the entire country
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
The Debate Over Slavery
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
The Mexican War and Slavery Expansion
 began push for popular sovereignty
 popular sovereignty –allow voters in a particular
territory to decide whether to ban or permit
slavery
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
The Debate Over Slavery
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Compromise of 1850
 Proposed by Henry Clay; supported by Daniel
Webster
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
The Debate Over Slavery
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Compromise of 1850
 Conditions of the Compromise of 1850
 California joins the Union as a free state.
 New Mexico and Utah Territories will use
popular sovereignty to decide the status of
slavery.
 Stronger fugitive slave law passed.
 Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
 Border dispute between New Mexico and Texas
is resolved.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
The Debate Over Slavery
(continued)
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Compromise of 1850
 Opposition to the Compromise of 1850
 Allowing California to enter as a free state would
destroy the balance between the two sections of the
country.
 California would be admitted unconditionally.
 Support for the Compromise of 1850
 Preserving the Union was more important than regional
differences.
 Slave labor was not necessary to the West’s economy.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
The Debate Over Slavery
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Controversy in the North
over the Fugitive Slave Act
 lacked trial by jury
 bribes were given to government officials for
support
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Trouble in Kansas
Beginnings to 1877
Kansas-Nebraska Act
 Introduced by Stephen Douglas
 Conditions
 Kansas & Nebraska Territories are created
 36° 30’ discontinued
 Kansas & Nebraska will use popular sovereignty
to determine whether to be a free or a slave state
 protested in the North
 received strong support in the South
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
Trouble in Kansas
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Bleeding Kansas
 Territorial Elections
 1000s of men crossed over from Missouri to vote
 Pro-slavery forces won & passed strict proslavery laws
 Anti-slavery Kansans formed their own
government
 Pro-slavery forces attacked Lawrence, the antislavery capital
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Trouble in Kansas
Beginnings to 1877
Bleeding Kansas
 Pottawatomie Massacre (1856)
 John Brown and seven other men murdered proslavery Kansans
 Kansas collapsed into civil war
 Approximately 200 people were killed
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
The Effects of the KansasNebraska Act
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Raid on Harpers Ferry
 Oct. 16, 1859
 John Brown planned a raid on a federal arsenal at
Harper’s Ferry, VA
 Hoped to distribute weapons to slaves
 Slaves did not join revolt
 White Southerners attacked & killed some of the
raiders
 John Brown captured & convicted of treason,
murder, & conspiracy
 Hung Dec. 1859
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
Effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
. Political Divisions
 Know-Nothing Party formed in 1849
 Supported measures making it difficult for
foreigners to become citizens and hold office
 Republican Party formed in 1854
 Whigs, some Democrats, Free-Soilers, and
abolitionists who joined together to oppose the
spread of slavery in the West
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
Political Divisions
Dred Scott
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
 Dred Scott a slave who lived in free territory and
then returned to slave territory.
 sued for his freedom claiming he had become free
when he lived in free territory.
 In 1857 the Supreme Court declared:
 African Americans were not U.S. citizens.
 The Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was
unconstitutional.
 Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any
federal territory.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
Political Divisions
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Abraham Lincoln’s and Stephen Douglas’
Differing Views on Slavery
 Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery and
supported the equal rights for slaves.
 Stephen Douglas supported slavery and did
not feel the African Americans were equal.
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WINSTON
HOLT
Secession
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Reactions to John Brown’s Raid
 Some mourned his death and regarded him as
a hero.
 Others opposed his violence.
 Southerners felt threatened.
 It raised the secession issue in the South.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
Secession
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Factors Leading to Lincoln’s Victory
in the Presidential Election of 1860
 Lincoln won 180 of the 183 electoral votes in
the free states.
 The slave states split their electoral votes thus
giving Lincoln the victory.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
Secession
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Reasons the Southern States Left the Union
 believed Lincoln would abolish slavery
 feared this action would destroy the South’s
economy and society
 South Carolina seceded Dec. 1860
 Feb. 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas seceded
 Confederate States of America elected
Jefferson Davis as president
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