Transcript Ordeal of Reconstruction - Methacton School District

Ordeal of Reconstruction
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• All Confederate Leaders
were eventually
pardoned in 1868 by
Andrew Johnson
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• Problems of Peace
• 1. Southern economy
and social structure was
destroyed
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• 2. Many white
southerners still believed
that secession was
correct
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• 3.Emancipation was
uneven in different parts
of the southern
confederacy that were
conquered
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• For Blacks Emancipation
allowed
• 1. look for lost family
members
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• 2. right to get married
• 3. form their own
churches
• 4. opportunity for
education
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• As a result of
Emancipation former
slaves traveled to look
for family members
testing their freedom
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• From 1878 to 1880 some
25,000 blacks from
Louisiana Texas and
Mississippi left to seek
opportunities in Kansas
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• Steamboat captains
refused to transport
blacks across the
Mississippi thus ending
the exodus
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• Freedman Bureau was
created by Congress in
March of 1865
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• It provided clothing
medical care food and
education to both free
blacks and white
refugees
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• The greatest achievement
of the Freedman's bureau
was the opportunity for
education primarily teaching
former slaves to read
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• Southerners rejected the
Freedman bureau as a
threat to their supremacy
in the south
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• Andrew Johnson
• The Tailor President
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• Refused to secede with
Tennessee
• Added to Lincoln ticket to
appeal to War Democrats
and pro-Union southerners
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• Strong Supporter of
States rights and
champion of poor whites
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• Presidential Reconstruction
• Lincoln stated 10% solution
• State could reenter the
union if 10% of its voters in
the 1860 election for
President took an oath of
allegiance to United States
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• Next a formal state
government must be
started and the state
would be readmitted to
union
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• This proposed
reconstruction would lead to
a rapid readmission of
southern states to the union
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• Deep divide between
Congress and the
President Lincoln
• Wade-Davis bill in 1864
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• 50 % of voters take
allegiance to the United
States
• Stronger safeguards
towards emancipation
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• Two factions
• Majority agreed with
Lincoln
• Minority (radicals) felt
south should suffer more
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• Wanted the social structure
to be destroyed
• Emancipated blacks to be
protected federally and to
th
ratify 13 Amendment
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• They also believed south
were conquered territories
and Congress would
develop what terms were
needed for readmission to
union
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• 13th Amendment to
Constitution
• The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution officially outlaws slavery and involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was
passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House on
January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865.
On December 18, Secretary of StateWilliam H.
Seward proclaimed it to have been adopted. It was the
first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted
after the American Civil War.
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•
•
•
•
15TH AMENDMENT
AMENDMENT XV
SECTION 1.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any state on account of race, color,
or previous condition of servitude.
• SECTION 2.
• The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
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• Johnson’s plan was similar
to Lincoln's a quick
restoration of Southern
States after a few basic
conditions were met
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• South answers to
Emancipation were
• Black Codes to
• Ensure a stable and
subservient labor force
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Banned Jury duty for
blacks and vote
• Could not rent land
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• Punishments for idleness
• Fines for blacks who
jumped labor contracts
• Labor contracts were
plantation owners would
rent land
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• Called sharecroppers rent
was so high that no profit
was made by former slaves
• So they “jumped” the
contract
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• Northern reaction was the
south was arrogant and it
seemed that the south
would not acknowledge that
the North won the war
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• Johnson and Congress
Clash
• Johnson vetoed the
extension of the
Freemans Bureau
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• Civil Rights act of 1866
gave blacks rights of
Citizenship
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• A dilemma for Republicans
especially radicals that if
blacks were now citizens
the south could be more
powerful in National politics
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• Fearing the south (if they
got a majority in
Congress) would repeal
the Civil Rights Act of
1866
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• 14th Amendment was
passed
• 1. gave citizen rights to
freeman
• 2. Assumed all debt of the
south
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• 14th Amendment
• All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,
are citizens of the United States and of the state
wherein they reside. No state shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
States; nor shall any state deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of the laws.
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• 3. disqualify from state and
federal office Confederates
who as federal office
holders could not hold office
again
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• 4. if denied blacks to
vote the state would lose
members of Congress
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• No state would be readmitted
to union until the 14th
Amendment was passed
• Tennessee was the first
southern state to ratify 14th
Amendment in 1866 and
readdmitted
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• The chief argument
between Congress and
the President was
Johnson soft treatment
of the south
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• All republicans believed
that blacks should have
right to vote
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• On March 2, 1867
Congress passed the
Reconstruction Act
• South is broken up in 5
military districts
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• Each district commanded
by a Union General
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• Also demanded that each
state pass the 14th
Amendment
• State Constitution allow
former male slaves the right
to vote
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• A15th Amendment
granted black men the
right to vote
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• In 1877 the last Federal
troops were removed
thus reforming the Union.
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• IT DID NOT GRANT
THE RIGHT TO VOTE
TO WOMEN
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• Blacks united and
participated in the Union
League
• The union league
helped:
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• 1. educated blacks on their
civic duty
• 2. Campaign for Republican
Candidates
• 3. Build black churches and
schools
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• 4. recruiting militias and
militants to protect black
communities
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• Blacks in the south relied
on the Union league to
educate them on their
civic duties
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• African American woman
assumed new political
roles
• 1. participating in church
life
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• 2. monitoring state
conventions
• 3. participating in political
rallies
• 4. organizing mass
meetings
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• But they could not vote
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• Two types of unsavory
• Characters out of
Reconstruction
• Scalawags southerns
plundering or stealing from
southern states
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• Carpetbaggers
• Sleazy Northerners who
came to south to seek
power and profit from
Reconstruction
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• Radical state
governments passed
legislations and reforms
that were needed
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• However corruption in
both North and South
was common
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• KKK
• Ku Klux Klan
• Invisible Empire of the
South
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• They could be described
as a secret terrorist
organization
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• KKK’s motives:
• 1. keep blacks in their
place
• 2. prevent blacks from
voting
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• 3. keep white
“carpetbaggers” from
voting
• 4. end radical
reconstrution
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• They resented black
legislators ability and
sucess
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• The Force Acts and the
union Army helped surpress
the KKK but they were
successful in using
intimidation including
lynching's beatings and
murder
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• Johnson Impeachment
• Tenure Act of 167Senate
must consent to any
cabinet position removal
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• Secretary of War Stanton
was dismissed by Johnson
• House Impeached Johnson
and he went to trail in
Senate
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• Failed to convict Johnson by 1
vote
• 2 reasons
• 1. poor precedent and
politically motivated
• 2. hated his replacement more
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• In 1867 Secretary of State
William Steward signed a
treaty to purchase Alaska
from Russia
• Stewards Folly
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• Real reasons Johnson
was not convicted
• 1. abuse of Checks and
balances
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• 2. concern about who would
take over
• 3. creating a destabilizing
period
• 4. Johnson agreed to stop
obstructing Republican
policies
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• Steward overcame
opposition in Congress
because Russia was a
friend to the Union in
Civil War
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• It was Johnson greatest
success in foreign policy
during his administration