Transcript Chapter 6 Notes

Chapter 16 Notes
The Civil War
1861-1865
The Two Sides
Goals & Strategies
* North & South have many diff. strengths, strategies, &
purposes in the Civil War
A. The Border States
1) Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, & Kentucky
2) Slavery was legal – not many enslaved though
3) All had ties to the North & the South
4) Managed to keep them all in Union
Light Blue States
B. Comparing North & South
1) North (Advantages):
a) Larger Pop.
b) Better Resources
2) South (Advantages)
a) Excellent Military Leaders
b) Strong fighting spirit &
knowledge of land
C. War Aims (Objectives)
1) South’s Goal:
a) Establish itself as independent
nation
b) Didn’t have to win - only had to
fight long enough for north to
decide it wasn’t worth the cost
2) North’s Goal:
a) Restore the Union – Lincoln’s
main goal (Quote – pg. 476)
D. Confederate Strategies
1) Expected help from Britain & France
a) Dependent on cotton from the south
2) Waged a defensive war – hold as much territory as possible until
north tired of the war
E. Union Strategies
1) Plan came from Gen. Winfield Scott – hero of War with Mexico
2) Three Stage Plan:
a) Blockade southern ports – no exports or supplies for south
b) Gain complete control of Mississippi River - Anaconda Plan
c) Capture Richmond, VA – Confederate Capital
Americans Against Americans
* Soldiers came from every region & both sides expected early victories
* Soldiers had many reasons for signing up:
a) Patriotism – loyalty for their cause
b) Feared being called cowards
c) Some just for excitement
* Many soldiers were young – many under 18 (even some 14 yr. olds)
* No African Americans were allowed at start of the war
A. False Hopes
1) North thought their resources
would make a fast war
2) South thought their spirit would
win out early
Neither side was right – lasted four years
B. Who Were the Soldiers?
1) 1861 – South - 12,000 soldiers
(Rebels)
2) North – 187,000 (Yankees)
a) 1865 – South – 900,000
b) North - 2.1 million
C. Reality of War
1) Both sides suffered terrible loss
2) New rifles led to more death
3) Medical facilities were
overwhelmed & not high quality
Early Stages of the War
War on Land & Sea
A. First Battle of Bull Run
1) Near the town of Manassas – at river
called Bull Run
2) Residents went to picnic & watch
3) Southerners held back north army with
“Stonewall Jackson” leading his troops
4) Outcome shocked the Union
a) Showed war would be long &
costly
5) Union supporters were discouraged
but led Lincoln to call for 1 million
troops
B. The War in the West
1) Union goal was to control the Mississippi
River to cut off supplies from the south
2) Ulysses S. Grant leads Union troops to
capture Fort Henry
a) Grant becomes nations new hero
First Battle of Bull Run
Monitor - North
Merrimack – South
C. War of the Ironclads
1) Merrimack – south’s iron sided
navy ship
2) Monitor – north’s iron sided
navy ship
3) Neither side won, but first battle
between metal-covered ships
D. Battle of Shiloh
1) Lasted two days
a) Very heavy casualties
b) North wins narrowly
c) Seem to be on the way to
controlling Mississippi River
E. New Orleans Falls
1) David Farragut captures New
Orleans
2) Blocks the Miss. to the Gulf
Battle of Shiloh
War in the East
* Main goal of the south – protect
their capital – Richmond, VA
A. Victories for the Confederacy
1) Victories – largely result of
Lee & Jackson
2) Defeated some Union
forces twice their size
3) No victories in the north
though
B. Battle of Antietam (creek)
1) Near Sharpsburg, MD
2) Deadliest single day of
fighting during the war
3) Important victory for Union
Battle of Antietam
The Emancipation Proclamation
* Enormous effect in America & abroad
A. The Debate
1) Lincoln hated slavery, but didn’t want to make the war about it
2) Many northerners wouldn’t risk their lives for slavery issue
3) Foreign Policy – Britain & France sympathized with south
a) They were both anti-slavery though
b) If Lincoln made the war about slavery, France & Britain
would not be able to support the south
B. Lincoln Decides
1) Constitution gave power to take property
2) Issues Emancipation Proclamation – Sept. 22,1862 (after Battle
of Antietam
a) Frees all enslaved people in rebel territory (Jan. 1, 1863)
C. Effects of the Proclamation
1) Did not free a single slave
2) Lincoln had no power to enforce law in the confederate states
3) By issuing it, the government declared slavery to be wrong
4) If the Union won, slavery would be banned forever
Life During the War
A Different way of Life
* Civil War affected civilians as well
A. Shortages in the South
1) Both sides suffered but affected the
south most of all
2) Most battles were fought in south so
most destruction there
3) Relied on outside world for all needs
Clara Barton
New Roles for Women
A. Treating the Sick & Wounded
1) First time women served as nurses
2) Clara Barton, & Mary Edwards Walker
B. Spies
1) Many women served as spies for
both sides
Mary Edward 2) Some disguised themselves as men
to fight in the war
Walker –
dressed as a man
Prison Camps & Field Hospitals
A. In the Hands of the Enemy
1) Prison camps set up
2) Prisoners - given a blanket & canteen
3) Andersonville Prison – Georgia
a) Built to hold 10,000 prisoners –
ended up with 30,000
b) Received tsp of salt, 3 tsp of
beans & 8 oz of cornmeal a day
c) Drank from a stream – also
served as a sewer
B. Field Hospitals
1) Doctors worked with war going on
around them
2) Some soldiers died of illness before
fighting began
3) Small pox, dysentery, typhoid, &
pneumonia killed many soldiers
8 Ounces
Cornmeal
1 Teaspoon
Political & Economic Change
A. Jail without Trial
WW I Draft Card
1) Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus
a) Right to a trial before imprisonment
b) Const. allows it to be suspended only
“when in cases of rebellion or
invasion, the public safety may
require it”
2) Used to deal with opponents of the war
3) Jefferson Davis suspended it in south as well
B. Draft Laws
1) Confederates passed draft law – all able
bodied men, 18-35 had to serve
a) later changed to 17-50
2) North passed one as well – 20-45 had to
register
C. Economic Effects
1) Paid for war by:
a) Issuing bonds
b) Impose new taxes
c) Printed money – greenbacks (due to color)
Bank Notes - Greenbacks
The Strain of War
Southern Victories
* Southern Generals – Robert E. Lee &
Stonewall Jackson made a huge diff.
* Knowledge of terrain & ability to
inspire troops was a diff. in war
A. Battle of Fredericksburg
1) Union attacks into Virginia –
Fredericksburg
2) Lee’s troops entrenched on top of a
hill – soundly defeat the Union
B. Battle of Chancellorsville
1) Lee & Stonewall Jackson sandwich
the Union soldiers – leads to
Confederate victory
2) Jackson is fatally wounded by his
own troops & dies a week later
C. Weak Union Generals
1) Less than a year, three different generals lead the
Union:
a) George McClellan – good prep. but wouldn’t engage
b) Ambrose Burnside – Loss at Fredericksburg
c) Joseph Hooker – Crushed at Chancellorsville
2) George Meade takes command three days before
Gettysburg
African Americans in the War
A. In the South
1) Never let them enlist – feared once armed, they would
revolt
B. In the North
1) Lincoln reluctant at first due to border states
2) By the end of the war, they make up 10% of Union
soldiers
3) Fought hard & effectively
Union Generals
General George Meade
General Ambrose Burnside
General Joseph Hooker
General George McClellan
The Tide of War Turns
* South was winning – hoped to get help of
France & Britain who needed their cotton
A. Battle of Gettysburg
1) Small town in southern Pennsylvania
2) South needed supplies & Lee hoped to
avoid fighting on unfamiliar soil
3) Lasted three days
4) Union win - puts an end to goal of
Confederate foreign policy
B. The Vicksburg Siege
1) Cutoff Port Hudson in Louisiana
a) Vital to the Mississippi River
2) North - splits South in two – AK,TX, &
LA are cutoff
C. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
1) Lincoln honors Soldiers National
Cemetery in Gettysburg with 272 word
speech
The War’s Final Stages
Total War Strikes the South
* Union begin deliberate strategy of total
war – destruction of entire land
A. Union Strategy
1) 1864 – Union controls Miss. River &
has cutoff western confederate states
B. Grant in Charge
1) Grant – avg. student, failure as a
farmer, but a brilliant soldier
2) 1864 – Lincoln put Grant in charge
of entire Union Army
3) Devised a plan to deliver killing
blows from ALL sides
a) He would take Richmond
(Confed. Capital)
b) Sherman would lead attacks
across the deep south
South Carolina
Atlanta
Following “Total War”
C. Wilderness Campaign
1) Fighting in dense woods between Richmond & Wash.
D.C.
a) Lincoln needs Grant because “he fights”
D. Sherman in Georgia
1) Sherman defeats General Hood in Georgia – burns the
city to show horrors of war – bring homelessness to
southerners
E. Election of 1864
1) Lincoln needed reelection or Confederate govt. would
have remained permanent
2) After the victory in Atlanta – Lincoln regains popularity
3) Wins the election with 55% of pop. Vote
4) Shows population is ready to end slavery
a) Jan. 31, 1865 – pass 13th Amend. – banning slavery
The War’s End
A. Sherman’s March to the Sea
1) Sherman became a destroyer – determined to break the will of
South
2) Burned cities from GA to the Atlantic Coast
3) Marched towards Grant’s forces – tore up RR tracks, fields,
livestock etc. (anything useful)
B. The Fall of Richmond
1) April 2, 1865 – Richmond falls to the Union
2) Lincoln relieved to “live to see the end” – pg. 511 & 512
C. Surrender at Appomattox
1) Formal end of war – April 9, 1865
2) Grant’s Terms for Lee:
a) Could keep small firearms
b) Officers could keep horses
c) 25,000 rations to feed his troops
D. Toll of War
1) More lives lost than any other conflict in history
2) Victory saved the Union, ended slavery
3) Led to Reconstruction – answer questions: what to do with freed
African Americans & how to bring the South back to the Union
Appomattox Court House
CH. 16 Vocab
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Border States- Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,
and Missouri
Blockade- an act or means of sealing off a place
to prevent goods or people from entering or
leaving
Contrast- the state of being strikingly different
from something else
Tributary- a smaller river that flows into a larger
river
Casualties- people killed or wounded