Transcript File

RECONSTRUCTION
Chapter 12
Key Questions
1. How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How do we
rebuild the
South after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
Plans for Reconstruction
Chapter 12 section 1
Terms: Reconstruction, Amnesty,
Radical Republicans,
Freedmen’s Bureau
12.1
I. Reconstruction Begins
(pages 386–389)
• A. The Civil War had devastated most
Southern cities and the South’s economy.
• B. The gov’t had to deal with
Reconstruction, or rebuilding the South
after the Civil War.
• Main concern:
– How would the former Confederate
states rejoin the Union?
– (Be nice to them, or be harsh?)
12.1
I. Reconstruction Begins
(pages 386–389)
• ☼C. President Lincoln wanted to give amnesty,
or pardon, to all Southerners who took an oath
of loyalty to the United States.
– (Lincoln wanted to reconcile (make nice) with
the South.)
• ☼D. The Radical Republicans in Congress did
not want to reconcile with the South. >>>>
12.1
I. Reconstruction Begins
(pages 386–389)
• E. The Radical Republicans had three main goals:
• 1. to make the Republican Party become powerful in
the South.
• 2. to prevent Confederate leaders from returning to
power.
• 3. get the federal government to help African
Americans achieve political equality (right to vote) in
the South.
• F. Lincoln (R) thought their plan was too harsh on the
South
– (His goal was to bring the Union back together peacefully.)
12.1
II. The Freedmen’s Bureau
(page 389)
• A. Freedmen had followed Union armies across the
South. They were war refugees: no homes (had been
slaves.)
– (Where do you go if you were a slave and now are free? Where
is “home?”)
• B. As a result of the refugee crisis, Congress established
the Freedmen’s Bureau.
• fed and clothed war refugees.
• helped freedmen find work.
• schools, teachers, and colleges for African Americans.
Congressional Reconstruction
Chapter 12 Section 2
Terms: Black codes,
13th Amendment, 14th Amendment, 15th
Amendment, Impeachment
12.2
I. Johnson Takes Office
(pages 391–393)
• A. Lincoln assassinated, 1865. Vice President Andrew
Johnson became president. (he was from the South, but had
stayed loyal to Union.)
• B. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction:
• 1. Pardon all former citizens of the Confederacy.
• 2. Oath of loyalty to the Union.
• Exceptions: all former Confederate officers and officials and all wealthy former
Confederates.
•
•
3. former Confederate states had to ratify the
13th Amendment (abolishing slavery.)
(similar to Lincoln’s plan.)
12.2
I. Johnson Takes Office
(pages 391–393)
• C. Southern states mostly met Johnson’s
conditions.
• D. Johnson granted pardons to thousands of
Southerners.
• - Several former Confederate officers and
political leaders were elected to Congress.
• - Republicans voted to reject these new
members of Congress.
• - Congress and Johnson not getting along.
12.2
I. Johnson Takes Office
(pages 391–393)
• E. Southern states created black codes, that
severely limited African Americans’ rights in the
South, kept them in conditions similar to slavery.
• Northerners enraged. Started movement for 14th
and 15th Amendments.
12.2
II. Radical Republicans Take Control
(pages 393–395)
• A. In late 1865, Republicans in Congress
created their own plan for rebuilding the Union.
– Wanted to end the black codes.
– Wanted to deal harshly with former Confederates.
(not pardon them, don’t allow them back into power.)
• B. Congress passed the 14th Amendment; all
persons born or naturalized in the US = citizens.
All citizens would have “equal protection of the
laws.”
12.2
II. Radical Republicans Take Control
(pages 393–395)
• C. President Johnson wanted to be more lenient
and re-admit South to Union more easily.
• D. Congress fought Johnson’s plans.
• Passed laws to end his Reconstruction
policies.
• Impeached him (charged him with a crime.)
– (He had fired his Secretary of War, who agreed w/ Congress’s plan.
Congress said he couldn’t do this.)
• Johnson was NOT kicked out of office, but had
no real power left.
12.2
II. Radical Republicans Take Control
(pages 393–395)
• E. Johnson did not run for Pres. again:
• 1. Republicans chose Ulysses S. Grant as candidate in 1868 (war
hero.)
• 2. Won easily b/c of Af-Am voters in South.
• 3. More voters also started to agree with Radical Republicans (treat
South harshly) b/c of ongoing violence there.
• F. 15th Amendment – 1870: “right to vote shall
not be denied. . . on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude.”
Discussion Question
(don’t copy, unless you want to)
• What was the difference b/t the Radical
Republicans’ plan for Reconstruction and
Lincoln/Johnson’s?
• (The presidents wanted to be more lenient on
the South, Radical Republicans wanted to be
harsh. Lincoln/Johnson motivated by restoration
of Union, Radical Republicans more motivated
to establish Republican power.)
Republican Rule
Chapter 12 Section 3
Terms: Carpetbaggers,
Scalawags,
Graft,
KKK
12.3
I. Republican Rule in the South
(pages 398–400)
• A. By 1870 all former Confederate states had rejoined the Union.
• B. Carpetbaggers = Northerners that moved to the South.
– In South: viewed as intruders who wanted to profit from the South’s
postwar troubles.
• C. Scalawags = white Southerners who supported Reconstruction.
– Southerners disliked them too.
• D. Thousands of formerly enslaved people took part in governing the
South. They were elected to local, state, and federal legislatures.
– (Joseph Rainey = first African American elected to the House of
Representatives.
– Hiram Revels = first African American in the United States Senate.)
Military Reconstruction Act
12.3
I. Republican Rule in the South
(pages 398–400)
• E. The Republican Party became powerful
in the South; started many major reforms.
(Repealed the black codes, established public schools system, etc.)
• F. Some Republicans in the South were
corrupt. Graft, (getting money illegally
through politics) was common in both the
South and the North.
12.3
II. African American Communities
(pages 400–401)
• A. African American colleges began to
appear in the South.
• B. African Americans churches were
important community centers.
• C. Blacks entered politics, govt, society
12.3
III. Southern Resistance
(pages 401–402)
• A. Some Southerners organized secret societies
(like the Ku Klux Klan) to terrorize blacks and
Republican supporters.
– The Klan’s goals: -- 1. drive out the Union troops and
carpetbaggers -- 2. regain control of the South.
• B. Early 1870’s: Congress passed laws to end
violence in South – made activities of the KKK
illegal.
– Many Klansmen were arrested, but Southern juries let
most go.
– Few spent any time in jail.
Discussion Question:
(don’t copy)
• What were the purposes of the original
KKK?
• Drive white northerners (thought of as
Republicans) out and re-institute white
control of South. Also to intimidate blacks
with violence.
Reconstruction Collapses
Chapter 12 Section 4
Terms: Ulysses S. Grant,
Rutherford B. Hayes
12.4
I. The Grant Administration
(pages 403–405)
• A. Grant was popular, but several scandals
occurred during his second term.
• B. Democrats said wealthy businessmen had
too much influence on Grant.
• C. Panic of 1873: economic depression.
• D. Democrats gained majority in Congress due
to Grant’s scandals and poor economy.
12.4
II. Reconstruction Ends
(pages 403–405)
• A. Democratic Party mainly aligned with the
South.
• B. When they controlled Congress, they could
repeal many federal controls over the Southern
states.
• C. Compromise of 1877: virtual tie for
President
– Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes (R) to
become pres. if federal troops would be pulled out of
the South.
12.4
New South Arises
• Sharecropping = tenant farmers; paid a
share of their crop to cover rent and
farm costs to landowner.
• Furnishing merchants = supplied
sharecroppers w/ equipment on credit;
would take crops if not paid.
• Most former slaves ended up being
sharecroppers. “near-slavery” status.
Tenancy & the Crop Lien
System
Furnishing Merchant
Tenant Farmer
Landowner
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.