Transcript Chapter 15 The Start of the Civil War

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Lincoln is the only U.S. President to receive a patent. The device was to help ships avoid
inadvertent grounding.
Lincoln had two siblings, Thomas and Sarah. Thomas died in infancy and Sarah died in
childbirth at the age of twenty.
Abraham Lincoln is the tallest U.S. President at 6' 4".
Before becoming a lawyer and politician, Lincoln worked as a rail-splitter, flatboatman,
storekeeper, postmaster and surveyor.
Mary Todd and Lincoln's engagement was broken off before they reconciled and
married.
Only one of Abraham Lincoln's four sons outlived him.
Barack Obama took the Oath of Office on a bible that was used by Abraham Lincoln at
his first inauguration in 1861. Ironically, the man who administered Lincoln's oath was
Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney who authored the Supreme Court's ruling on the
infamous Dred Scott decision.
• The war years were difficult for Abraham
Lincoln and his family. After his young son
Willie died of typhoid fever in 1862, the
emotionally fragile Mary Lincoln, widely
unpopular for her frivolity and spendthrift
ways, held seances in the White House in
the hopes of communicating with him,
earning her even more derision.
The Start of the
Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
“ A house divided can not stand.”
What is the war about?
#1 REASON: STATE’S RIGHTS
The South believed their rights were being
taken away.
Their way of life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness was being challenged.
Southern slavery contributed to their way of
life and success.
Secession! #1 South Carolina  Dec.
20, 1860
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
• Confederate
officials began
seizing federal-mint
branches, arsenals,
and military posts.
• Fort Sumter was a
Federal outpost in
Charleston, SC.
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
• Confederate forces asked for its
surrender.
• Lincoln refused and sent ships
with supplies.
• Confederate cannons began firing
on April 12, 1861.
• Fort Sumter fell 34 hours later.
• The Civil War began.
The first shots at Fort Sumter
brought …
Quote, “every soldier in the harbor
to his feet, every man, woman and
child in Charleston from their
bed.”
Lincoln’s Response
• Lincoln declared the South to
in a state of rebellion.
• He asked for each state
75,000 militiamen to put
down the rebellion.
• Each state had to decide:
secede or stay in the union.
You are
either with
us or against
us. Decide!
Stephen Douglas stands
behind Lincoln
“There can be no
neutrals in this,
only patriots-or
traitors.”
Border States
• Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and
Missouri-slaves states that did not join the
Confederacy.
• Kentucky and Missouri controlled
important rivers.
• People in border states were deeply divided!
Lincoln’s own wife had four brothers
fighting for the confederacy.
• Lincoln sent federal troops to the border
states to keep them in the union.
Rating the North & South
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources:
North &
South
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
The Union & Confederacy in
1861
Secession!: Post Fort Sumter
Overview of Northern Advantages
• Larger population
– North 22 million
– South Only 9 million
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More ships
Larger, more efficient railroad system
Lincoln - Very intelligent and dedicated
More industry - 81% of nation’s factories
Better banking system to raise $ for the war
– 75% of nation’s wealth
Overview of Northern Advantages
• Wealth produced:
– Factory production
– Textile goods produced
– Iron production
– Coal production
– Farm acreage
– Livestock
– Wheat production
– Corn production
Overview of Northern
Disadvantages
• Fought on Southern lands
• Divided support for the war
• Many believed the South had good
chance of winning
Overview of Southern Advantages
• Fighting a defensive war
– Local support of all men
– familiar with terrain
• Motivation: seeking independence,
unified support
• Short communication lines/ friendly
population
• Experienced officers- (Lee, Jackson,
Pickett)
• Cotton - necessary for textile
factories of England and France
• Slave Labor in the early part of the
war
Overview of Southern
Disadvantages
• Smaller population
• Few factories to
manufacture weapons and
supplies
• Poor transportation system
• Weak federal government
= not strong enough to
control Southern states
– Jefferson Davis did not
have complete power
like Lincoln
Overview
North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
Goal: surround the
Confederacy and
squeeze them into
submission
The Anaconda Plan
• Capture Richmond and force surrender
• Force out Confederates from border
states
• Control the Mississippi River to Stop the
transport of:
– soldiers
– Weapons
– Ammunition
– Clothes
– Food
– other supplies needed
• Blockade southern ports to stop
– cotton shipments
– supplies from foreign nations
Anaconda Squeeze
Southern Strategy
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Defend its homeland, holding
onto as much territory as
possible until the North got
tired of fighting-WEAR THE
NORTH DOWN!
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Capture Washington, D.C.
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Gain control of border states
Gain England's support using
Cotton Diplomacy: Hoping
Great Britain would help the
South because it needed it’s
cotton.
Expel Union troops from South
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Preparing for War-Neither side
is ready!
Volunteer Armies-unskilled teachers, farmers,
laborers all had to learn how to march,
shoot, use a bayonet, and kill!
Training was difficult.
Surviving was essential.
Helping the Troops
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Civilians raised money
provided aid
ran emergency hospitals.
Thousands of volunteers worked
with the U.S. Sanitary Commission
to send bandages, medicines, and
food to camps
• In the Union army over 3000
women volunteered to be nurses.
A Young Man’s War
• More than 2,000,000 Federal soldiers
were twenty-one or under (of a total of
some 2,700,000)More than 1,000,000 were eighteen or
under.
About 800,000 were seventeen or under.
About 200,000 were sixteen or under.
About 100,000 were fifteen or under.
Three hundred were thirteen or undermost of these fifers or drummers, but
regularly enrolled, and sometimes fighters.
Twenty-five were ten or under
War in the East
Generals at Bull Run
General Irwin McDowell vs.General PGT Beauregard
First Battle of Bull Run, July 21,1861
• Following Fort Sumter, Union military believed
Confederacy could be quickly crushed with little
loss of life.
• Union Gen. McDowell led 34,000 inexperienced
and poorly trained militia toward the railroad
junction in Manassas, Virginia.
• General Beauregard was alerted and he prepared
his 20,000 troops. He called for help, 9000 more
troops arrived.
• Three Union divisions crossed the Bull
Run Stream and began driving
Confederate troops back.
• Confederate General Thomas J.
Jackson positioned his soldiers and
stood firm. His men stopped the
Union charge. “Stonewall Jackson”
Nickname.
• Union artillery was captured
• Beauregard led a charge to the right of
the Union army, McDowell’s line was
broken and the Union army retreated.
Casualties: Union 3000 Confederate 2000
Interesting Fact
• On July 21 Hundreds of men, women and
children attended the battle. Many brought
picnics believing it would be a glorious
show to watch.
Interesting Fact: Uniforms not
standard yet.
Bull Run, 1861 the 1st battle of the Civil War.
It showed the nation that the war was going
to be long and costly.
The North had 387 soldiers killed while the South lost 460.
The South won the battle.
Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonConfederate
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Served in the Mexican-American war
West Point Graduate
Married Twice
He didn’t use chairs because he believed that
standing was good for one’s health.
Brilliant soldier famous for his fearlessness.
“Right Arm” of Robert E. Lee
He sucked on lemons daily
He believed God would lead the South to victory.
He prayed before every battle.
May 2, 1963 He was shot by his own men. (by
mistake)
He had his arm amputated, but died from pneumonia
Robert E. Lee
“The greatest soldier living today.” Winfield
Scott
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Married with 7 children
Officer in the Mexican-American War.
Was against slavery even though he
lived in the South.
Confederate commander.
Was first asked by Lincoln to lead
Union troops, but he was a Virginia
man.
Had huge success against Union
leaders.
He trusted horse was named Traveller.
He had a pet hen that he took
everywhere with him.
After his surrender, he returned home
and died of Pneumonia 4 years later.
Ulysses S. Grant-Union
Commander
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Almost drowned at the age of 7
Married the love of his life.
Had 4 children
Tried farming, real estate
West Point graduate
Incredible military leader
He liked to drag race horses!
Won the war and became
two term president.
2nd Manassas or
2nd Bull Run, VA
• August 29-30, 1862
• The general for the
Confederate was Stonewall
Jackson.
• The general for the
Yankees was John Pope.
• The North lost 16,000
soldiers while the South
lost only 9,000
• The South won the battle in
the last few hours.
Antietam, Maryland September 17, 1862
considered the single bloodiest day in the
American history. The Union claims victory,
but the win in only a slight advantage. Lee’s
North advance ended and many troops die.
First metal ships in world!
Ironclads
• Union has a strong navy, Confederates no
navy.
• Confederates capture a Union ship,
added iron and changed its name to The
Virginia.
• Union already had Ironclad name Monitor.
• The two battled and the Monitor forced the
Virginia to withdraw.
Changed war tactics forever!
Battle of Shiloh: Fought in western territory of
Tennessee. Confederates surprise Grant, but
Grant is able to stand firm and eventually
win=Union Victory! Huge Death Toll!
Vicksburg, May-July 1863. The Union
victory divides the south in half greatly
weakening it.
Weapons of War
• Minie Ball=Fast, cheap, easy to
produce. Greater accuracy.
• Spencer Repeating Rifle=Reliable in
battle, easy to produce.
• Railroad=easier movement of troops
and supplies.
• Telegraph=Real time
communications between
commanders.
Clara Barton “The Angel of the
Battlefield.”
• Soothed the wounded and dying as
bullets flew around her.
• Observing the horrendous medical
conditions on the battle field.
• Organized the collection of
medicine and supplies for
delivery in the battlefield.
• Began the RED CROSS
Emancipation Proclamation
• The Civil War began
as a war to restore
the Union, NOT to
end slavery.
“My paramount object in this struggle is to save
the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy
slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing
any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by
freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could
save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I
would also do that. What I do about slavery, and
the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to
save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear
because I do not believe it would help to save the
Union.” Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greenly
The Emancipation
Proclamation
• Lincoln wrote the
Emancipation Proclamation
in 1862.
• It’s purpose was to free the
slaves only in areas
controlled by the
Confederate states. Not
Border States!
• The president knew that it
would make some people in
the North and South angry.
Took effect Jan. 1 1863
Reasons for the
Emancipation Proclamation
• Other than a slight win at Antietam, the
war was going badly for the North.
• Lincoln needed a way to turn things
around
• He thought that freeing the slaves in
the South would help bring about that
change
Lincoln Issues the Emancipation
Proclamation: September 22nd, 1862
"That on the first day of
January, in the year of
our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and sixtythree, all persons held
as slaves within any
State or designated
part of a State, the
people whereof shall
then be in rebellion
against the United
States, shall be then,
thenceforward, and
forever free”
In which states have slaves been freed?
In which states have slaves not been freed?
Why is this?
Why might Lincoln be trying
to make the South’s slavery
more obvious to
Europeans?
(Lincoln signing the
Emancipation Proclamation)
African Americans Fight in the
War!
As casualties climbed, the Union
needed more troops.
African Americans volunteered-not
all whites accepted them!
The U.S. Government gave
Contrabands, or escaped slaves,
the right to join the Union army
in South Carolina.
• 54th Massachusetts Infantry led a heroic
charge on S.C. Fort Wagner. Half of the
regiment was killed, wounded or captured.
• Their bravery made them the most celebrated
African American unit of the war.
Did You Know?
• After the Emancipation Proclamation an
African American congregation raised
$580.00 to buy Lincoln a Bible. The cover
had a picture of Lincoln breaking off the
chains of a slave working in a cotton field.
Battle of Gettysburg, PA: June
30th, 1863
Conf. General Lee attempts
to take Washington, D.C.
• Union General George Meade
meets him at Gettysburg, PA
• On the third day, Lee charges
Union forces who are on
higher ground.
• Conf. fails; this is the
TURNING POINT of the war
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Gettysburg 1863 July1-3, Lee’s gamble to
destroy the Union army signals the end for
the Confederate cause.
Death Toll
3 day battle
51,000 Soldiers killed,
wounded or captured
Union =23,000
Confederates=28,000
After Gettysburg, any help
from France or Great
Britain ended.
Gettysburg Address
• Speech made to
dedicate battlefield
cemetery.
• His speech reminded
the nation of the spirit
of liberty and freedom
held by citizens of a
democracy.
The Gettysburg Address:
November 19th, 1863
“…that we here highly resolve
that these dead shall not have
died in vain -- that this nation,
under God, shall have a new
birth of freedom -- and that
government of the people, by
the people, for the people, shall
not perish from the earth. “
General William T. Sherman
“My goal is to
taste salt
water.”
Sherman’s March to the Sea!
• Lincoln needed a victory for the Union to help with
re-election. Sherman is his answer!
• Sherman’s 100,000 troops marched south from
Tennessee through Atlanta and Savannah,
Georgia destroying them in the process.
• Sherman practiced total war, destroying civilian
and economic resources, in the hope of ruining the
South’s economy and ending its ability to fight.
They burned homes, crops, farms, pulled up
railroads, and killed livestock
In April 3, 1865 Lee’s army is surrounded
on three sides by Grant. The Confederates
surrender at Appomattox Courthouse,
Virginia April 9, 1865.
Surrender
With his army surrounded, his men weak and
exhausted, Robert E. Lee realized there was
little choice but to consider the surrender of
his Army to General Grant. After a series of
notes between the two leaders, they agreed
to meet on April 9, 1865, at the house of
Wilmer McLean in the village of
Appomattox Courthouse. The meeting
lasted approximately two and one-half
hours and at its conclusion the bloodliest
conflict in the nation's history neared its
end.
• Wilmer McLean lived peaceful life in Manassas, Virginia
when the Civil War erupted. His hometown is on the road
between Washington DC and Richmond, VA, the capitals
of Union and Confederate respectively. So the battle that is
considered as start of the war, The Battle of Bull Run,
happened on that road, just in front of McLean’s house,
and was quickly used as Confederate headquarters. With
his house being shot all the time, he decided to move
further in Virginia. The strange coincidence is the fact that
the war began in his house, but ended in his new one. Four
years later, Union’s General surrender in McLean’s house.
He has said: “The war began in my front yard and ended
in my front parlor.”
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