Transcript Andrew Jackson – The Age of the Common Man

Andrew Jackson
The Age of the “Common Man”
What you need to know
Age of Jackson, 1828-1848
A. Democracy and the "common man"
B. Expansion of suffrage
C. Rotation in office
D. Second party system
E. Democratic Party
F. Whig Party
G. Internal improvements and states' rights: the Maysville Road
veto
H. The Nullification Crisis
I. Tariff issue
J. The Union: Calhoun and Jackson
K. The Bank War: Jackson and Biddle
L. Martin Van Buren
M. Independent treasury system
N. Panic of 1837
Study Guide for TEST
Election 1810 & 1824 &
1828
Missouri Compromise
John Marshall
Monroe Doctrine
Federalists
Henry Clay
Adams-Onis Treaty
Land Ordinance
Tariff 1816
War of 1812
Constitutional
Convention
Hamilton Plan
Jefferson & Madison
Policies
Massive Growth 1800-1850
Tecumseh
Rush Bagot Treaty
War Hawks
Protective Tariff
Articles of Confederation
Corrupt Bargain
John Q. Adams
Andrew Jackson
Bank War
Indian Removal
SPOILS System
South Carolina Exposition
Cherokee
Martin Van Buren
Tippecanoe William Henry
Harrison
Nullification
American system (Madison
Platform)
Marbury v. Madison
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
Why is the age of Jackson
referred to as the “Age of the
Common Man?”
Culture of an American Hero
Expansion of Suffrage
Popular campaigning
“The people are the Government, the
sovereign power.” Jackson
Culture of an American Hero
Jackson is perhaps 2nd only to
Washington in popularity
Indian Fighter, “Old Hickory”
War Hero- New Orleans
Tough, self-made man
Epitome or personification of the West
Independent, strong willed, strong
values of what is right and wrong
Jackson Image
Society in America should be one which
“The planter, the farmer, the mechanic,
and the laborer, all know that their
success depends on their own industry
and economy.”
Privileges of the Elites will not be
allowed to stifle opportunity.
Jackson Image
Anti- Elitism
Egalitarianism
Expansion of Suffrage
Rapid population growth and
industry cause more people
to want to vote
New Western states offer
voting as a way to
encourage settlement
Politicians supported,
employers supported
Western States adopt
Universal Manhood Suffrage
Property requirements
removed in West, East
follows practice
White Males Vote
1824-27%
1828- 58%
1840- 80%
Popular campaigning
Change from period of Deference-1780s-1810
Open Air Rallies, Barbecues
Focus on Party Membership (Not issues)
Getting Votes is key
Most organized party wins (Van Buren the
expert)
Torchlight Parades
Candidate Debates
Drinking
Banners/Slogans
Newspapers become important
Party Politics
Mass Politics was key to political power
Need to organize the population
Loyalty to party was paramount Idea
Use favors and rewards = patronage for
people who are helpful in getting votes
Party must be preserved
Jackson Inauguration
Election of 1824
Democratic-Republicans- begins to divide
Adams Vs. Jackson
Vote Split
Goes into House of Reps
Clay Supports Adams
“Corrupt Bargain” acquisitions Clay is given
office of Secretary of State
Jackson is a sore loser
Election 1828
Jackson Campaign
Dirtiest Campaign
Ever
Election of 1828
Adams
Seen as elitist
Seen as corrupt
Seen as privileged
Attacked for wasting $
Gambling devices
Wins 44% of vote- New
England, Delaware,
New Jersey, Maryland
Jackson Wins great
majority
Power from the
west, Calhoun VP
Called a murderer
Wife attacked in
papers as a Bigamist
Second Party System:
The Democratic-Republican Party Divides
Whigs- Adams-Clay
(Similar to
Federalists)
Pro-Bank
Pro-Tariff
Pro-National
ImprovementsRoads, Railroads,
Canals
Democrats- Jackson
Best organization
Pro-States Rights
Anti-Bank
Anti-Tariff
Anti-Federal funded
transportation
Martin Van Buren- key
ally, and successor
Strong political
organizer
Whigs=
traditional term for people in England who
tried to weaken the king
Wanted expansion of
Federal power
Encourage Industrial and
commercial development
Strengthen the ties of the
country with consolidated
economic system
Cautious of Westward
Expansion
Favored Banks, Corporations,
Constituents
WASPs
Northeast
Merchants
Manufacturers
Wealthy planters in the
South

Those that wanted stronger
ties with the industrial North
Ambitious Farmers and
merchants of the West
Migrants from Northeast to
the west
Aristocrats
Democrats
Expand economic and
political opportunity
(Common man?- not
traditional elites)
Gov Should be limited
Gov should remove
obstacles to
opportunities
Union is essential to
opportunity
Wanted to attack
corrupt privelege
South
Some North and West
Immigrants- NYC
IrishGermans- Catholic
Locofocos- (Radical)

Workingmen
Small business
Wanted to attack
monopoly and Privilege
Internal Improvements
Period of rapid
economic expansion
Canals/steamships,
roads, railroads,
Whigs-Clay support
strong improvements
paid for by Tariff
Jackson is mixed in his
policy
Believed in strict
interpretation of
Constitution- Federal
Gov has limited roleExample Maysville roadClay wants fed $ to pay
for road, Jackson says
no. Vetoed bill
Internal
Improvements
National Road
Erie Canal-links Great
Lakes to Eastern
Seaboard
Canals-3,326 miles of
canals, cost $125 mill
Goods-East to West
Agri-produce West to
EastCities
Railroads-most in
Northeast
1840- 3,328 miles
cost $17000 per
mile
Eaton Affair and Kitchen
Cabinet
Peggy was wife of
Eaton a cabinet minister
(Secretary of War) was
excluded by other
cabinet wives
Jackson intercedes
Calhoun’s wife ignores
request
Jackson is angry at
cabinet
He forms an informal
group of advisors,
excludes cabinet input
except Van Buren
Calhoun decides to
resign- he doesn’t like
Hayne-Webster Debate
Hayne was a Senator
for S. Carolina
With Calhoun
Suggest the West
should unite with the
south against the EAST.
Issues-both regions are
victims of Eastern
econmic tyranny
Tariff-
Webster – Senator from
Massachusetts
Responds to Hayne
Keep the Union
“Liberty and Union, now
and forever one and
inseparable.” Webster
Nullification Crisis
Calhoun- “Mr.
Southerner”
Advocate of States’
Rights (major cause
of Civil War)
Breaks with Jackson,
early, Eaton Affair
Calhoun quits to be
senator from South
Carolina
Jackson quote “Our
Federal Union it
must be preserved.”
Calhoun, “The
Union, next to our
liberty most dear.”
Highlights
differences
Nullification Crisis
New Tariff of 1828
cause South to claim
“Tariff of Abominations”
States’ Rights advocate
Calhoun secretly
authors
South Carolina
Exposition and Protest
Created doctrine that
said, states could when
they follow process,
Nullify Federal laws
Tariff ^ causes
prices ^
Causes prices for
imports to ^
Causes economic
problems for the
south
South Carolina convention passes
Ordinance of Nullification
Causes Jackson to get
tough
Sends the proclamation
to people of South
Carolina
Said- Nullification does
not exist
No secession will be
allowed
“Disunion by armed
force is Treason”
Jackson asked Congress
for Force Bill- authority
to use force on
nullifying states
Clay comes to the
rescue with compromise
Webster supported
South Carolina and
Calhoun back down
Bank War 1832-33
Bank of the US needs to
be renewed
Jackson against bank
(thought bank had too
much power)
Clay wants US bank
Webster wanted bank
Biddle- bank president
wanted bank
Jackson vetoes bank
billSaid monopoly on bank
favored Eastern rich
“To make the rich richer
and the potent more
powerful, at the
expense of the humble
members of society- the
farmers, mechanics,
and laborers.”
“The federal
government must
provide equal protection
under the law.”
Results of Bank War
A number of small banks emerge called “Pet
Banks”
Speculation results- inflation land and prices
go up
Jackson tries to remedy the problem with a
idea to have one Gold or Silver pay for land
(Specie)
Causes Panic of 1837, paper money loses
value, and economy goes into depression
Indian Removal 1830
Jackson believed
Indians and Whites
should not mix
Cherokee’s had
developed a significant
civilization- constitution,
farming, written
language, Sequoia
and John Ross are
important figures.
Gold was discovered on
Cherokee land
State gov wanted
Cherokee land
Jackson wanted to
negotiate treaties for Indian
Removal
Many in the tribes didn’t
want to move
1830 Removal Act was
passed
Offered money to relocate
Indians
Indians Resist in the Courts
Indian Removal
Law suits go to supreme court- State wins one 1831
Cherokee Nation v Georgia (ruling is unclear
regarding state jurisdiction)
Cherokee win one- Worcester v. Georgia
Marshall says Indians have right to tribal lands, Feds
have jurisdiction over tribes and negotiations
Jackson and Fed negotiate treaties with some Indians
and others disagree 17,000 forces Indians to leave
Cherokee Indians of Georgia are forcibly removed
from Territory
16,000 Indians are forced to leave Georgia and sent
to Oklahoma
Worcester V Gerogia
No. In an opinion delivered by Chief Justice John Marshall, the
Court held that the Georgia act, under which Worcester was
prosecuted, violated the Constitution, treaties, and laws of the
United States. Noting that the "treaties and laws of the United
States contemplate the Indian territory as completely separated
from that of the states; and provide that all intercourse with
them shall be carried on exclusively by the government of the
union," Chief Justice Marshall argued, "The Cherokee nation,
then, is a distinct community occupying its own territory in
which the laws of Georgia can have no force. The whole
intercourse between the United States and this nation, is, by
our constitution and laws, vested in the government of the
United States." The Georgia act thus interfered with the federal
government's authority and was unconstitutional. Justice Henry
Baldwin dissented for procedural reasons and on the merits.
Jackson and the Taney Court
Friend of Jackson
Open interpretation of
Constitution
Favored expansion of
opportunity
States rights
Example of Charles
River Bridge v Warren
Bridge
“The object of
government was to
promote general
happiness”
A state, therefore, had
rights to amend or
abrogate a contract if
such action was
necessary to advance
the well being of the
community.”
Martin Van Buren democrat
Hand picked
successor of Jackson
Gets caught up with
the problem of
banks and economic
depression
Panic of 1837
Loses to Whig
Harrison
Log Cabin Campaign- 1840
Popular Campaigning
Whigs Copy the Democrats in Campaign
techniques
William Henry Harrison- Tippecanoe
(Fought Tecumseh and the Prophet)
Indian Fighter, Ohio, Popular