Transcript Unit 6: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt

UNIT 6:
A NATION DIVIDED
AND REBUILT
1846-1877
IN THIS UNIT…
Chapter 15: The Nation Breaking Apart
Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins
Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns
Chapter 18: Reconstruction
WHY IT MATTERS
NOW
The Civil War represented the greatest threat
to the survival of the American republic in
our history. Why we fought, how the Union
won, and how we rebuilt the nation remain
enduring matters of discussion and debate.
CHAPTER 15:
THE NATION BREAKING APART
LESSON 1: TENSIONS RISE BETWEEN
NORTH AND SOUTH
IN THIS CHAPTER…
Lesson 1: Tensions Rise Between North and
South
Lesson 2: Slavery Dominates Politics
Lesson 3: Lincoln’s Election and Southern
Secession
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What issues and events shattered the
nation’s unity and led to civil war?
KEY QUESTION
What led to increased tension between the
North and the South?
VOCABULARY
Wilmot Proviso: 1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in
any territory gained from the War with Mexico
Compromise of 1850: Series of laws intended to settle the
major disagreements between the free states and slave
states
Fugitive Slave Act: 1850 law meant to help slaveholders
recapture runaway slaves
Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854 law that established the
territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residents
the right whether to allow slavery
Popular Sovereignty: A system in which issues are
decided by the citizenry or votes
NORTH AND SOUTH FOLLOW
DIFFERENT PATHS
The economies of the North and South relied on different things
• North: Industry and Commerce
• Attracted many immigrants
• Many abolitionists
• Many workers feared slaves would replace them
• South: Plantations and Slavery
• Made great profits from free labor
• Slavery gave owners a feeling of superiority
• Slave owners used the argument that they introduced slaves to
Christianity and provided them with food, clothing and shelter
• This divided the nation politically
SLAVERY AND TERRITORIAL
EXPANSION
North and South feared upsetting the balance of free and slave
states
• Especially with the newly acquired land from Mexico
Wilmot Proviso: proposed bill to outlaw slavery in any territory the
US acquired from Mexico
Southerners prevented the bill from passing
This proposal brought slavery a key issue in politics
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
National leaders were debating how to deal with slavery
Many California residents wanted to be a free state
This would upset the balance
So… they Compromised
• North was happy when California was admitted as a free state
• South was happy that Congress could not pass laws for the rest of
the territories won from Mexico and Congress would pass a
stronger law to help slaveholders
Briefly kept peace between the North and South
THE CRISIS DEEPENS
Part of the Compromise of 1850 was…The Fugitive Slave Act
•
•
•
•
•
Accused fugitives could be held without an arrest warrant
Fugitives had no right to a jury trial
Southerners could recapture runaway slaves
Penalized people who did not cooperate with the law
Slave catchers could roam the North (sometimes they
captured free African Americans)
This Act angered many Northerners and drew more people to
the abolitionist cause
OUTRAGE OVER THE ACT
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852
• Novel that presented the cruelty and the immorality of slavery
• Described the escape of a slave named Eliza and her baby
across the Ohio River
• Book was very popular in the North
• Southerners argued the it was a false picture of the South and
slavery
VIOLENCE ERUPTS
Tensions heightened with the Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle
Tom’s Cabin
Kansas-Nebraska Act: a bill that organized the Nebraska
territory into two parts (Kansas and Nebraska)
Popular Sovereignty was used to decide if the bill would pass
• System that allows residents to vote to decide an issue
The bill passed and got rid of the Missouri Compromise,
which turned Kansas into a violent and bloody battle ground
BLEEDING KANSAS
Election of 1855
• More people proslavery than antislavery
• But….
• 5,000 Missouri antislavery residents illegally voted in Kansas
Settlers on both sides armed themselves
A proslavery mob looted the town of Lawrence, Kansas
John Brown, an extreme abolitionist, led 7 others in a massacre of
his neighbors
As news spread, violence spread and civil war in Kansas began
It continued for 3 years and the territory was known as “Bleeding
Kansas”
VIOLENCE IN CONGRESS
Congressmen grew so angry that violence occurred
Senator Charles Sumner was beaten at his desk so badly that
he never fully recovered from his injuries
Antislavery forces united with “Bleeding Kansas” and
“Bleeding Sumner”
KEY QUESTION
What led to increased tension between the
North and the South?
CHAPTER 15:
THE NATION BREAKING APART
LESSON 2: SLAVERY DOMINATES POLITICS
IN THIS CHAPTER…
Lesson 1: Tensions Rise Between North and
South
Lesson 2: Slavery Dominates Politics
Lesson 3: Lincoln’s Election and Southern
Secession
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What issues and events shattered the
nation’s unity and led to civil war?
KEY QUESTION
How did the country divide further?
VOCABULARY
John C. Frémont: Republican presidential candidate in
1856
James Buchanan: Democratic presidential candidate in
1856
Dred Scott v. Sandford: 1856 Supreme Court case in
which a slave, Dred Scott, sued for his freedom; the
Court ruled against Scott
Abraham Lincoln: Illinois Republican who ran against
Stephen A. Douglas in 1858
Harpers Ferry: Federal arsenal in Virginia; captured in
1859 during an antislavery revolt
PRESIDENTS UPDATE
Number
Year
Name
Party
Nickname
13
1850-1853
Millard
Fillmore
Whig
“The
Accidental
President”
14
1853-1857
Franklin
Pierce
Democratic
“Young
Hickory of
Granite
Hills”
15
1857-1861
James
Buchanan
Democratic
“The Sage
of
Wheatland”
ONE AMERICAN’S STORY
She was only 13, but her story edged the nation
closer to civil war. Emily Edmondson grew up in slavery in
Washington D.C. On April 15, 1848, Emily, her 15-year old
sister Mary, and four of her brothers joined more than 70 other
slaves in an escape attempt. Hidden on board a ship, they
sailed toward freedom in the North. However, their ship was
pursued and captured. Despite a debate in Congress and a
public outcry, Emily and her sister were shipped to New
Orleans to be resold.
In New Orleans an outbreak of yellow fever forced
slave traders to send the girls back to the safety of Virginia. It
was then that the girls’ parents contacted Harriet Beecher
Stowe’s brother, who was a famous abolitionist. He raised
enough money to buy their freedom. Harriet Beecher Stowe
arranged for the girls to attend Oberlin College.
Although Mary died young, Emily became a famous
abolitionist. Her story motivated various antislavery groups to
create the Republican Party – a party dedicated to the
elimination of slavery.
SLAVERY AND POLITICAL
DIVISION
•The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the Whig Party in two
• Southern Whigs supported the Act (joined the Democratic Party)
• Northern Whigs opposed the Act (joined others and formed the
Republican Party)
Republican Party
Democratic Party
•Opposes the Expansion of slavery
•Opposes Kansas-Nebraska Act
•Supports states’ rights
•Favors limited government
John Fremont
James Buchanan
Southern
Whigs
Slavery
Supporters
Northern
Whigs
Abolitionists
Northern
Interests
ELECTION OF 1856
•Republicans nominated John C. Frémont
• Handsome young hero
• Known for explorations in the West
• Nicknamed “the Pathfinder”
• Wanted California and Kansas admitted as free states
•Democrats nominated James Buchanan
• Said little about the Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Said little about slavery
• Claimed his goal was to maintain the Union
•Millard Fillmore ran for the Know-Nothing Party
(he was president after the death of Zachary Taylor)
•Buchanan won
THE BREAKING POINT
•A Supreme Court case continued to divide the country
•Read Background Info
A SUPREME COURT CASE
DRED SCOTT V. SANFORD
(1857)
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Citizenship was decided on a state level
• What is the Missouri Compromise?
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
Dred Scott was born a slave in
Virginia around 1799.
In 1834, Dr. Emerson (Dred Scott’s
owner) moved to Illinois and
Minnesota: non-slave states.
In 1843, Dr. Emerson died and left
his possessions to his wife.
Dred Scott sued Mrs. Emerson
saying that he had become free
when he had been brought to the
North.
Sanford is Mrs. Emerson’s brother
and lawyer.
Photo taken from: http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1573
DECIDE IF EACH ARGUMENT LISTED BELOW IS IN
FAVOR OF FREEING DRED SCOTT OR PLACING IN
BACK INTO SLAVERY.
The Missouri Compromise of 1820
outlawed slavery forever in certain
areas. Dred Scott's owner took him to
these free areas. Thus, Scott became
free forever.
It was law in many states and had been
common law in Europe for centuries
that a slave who legally traveled to a
free area automatically became free.
Even before the Constitution, some
states allowed blacks to vote. The
Constitution does not say explicitly that
blacks cannot be citizens.
In the case of Strader v. Graham (1850),
the Supreme Court of the United States
heard the case of three slaves who had
been taken from Kentucky to Indiana
and Ohio and then back to Kentucky.
The Court declared that the status of
the slave depended on the laws of
Kentucky, not Ohio.
The Constitution recognized the
existence of slavery. Therefore, the
men who framed and ratified the
Constitution must have believed that
slaves and their descendants were not
to be citizens.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
YOU BE THE JUDGE!
Should Dred Scott be granted freedom in the case based on
the previous arguments?
OR
Should Dred Scott be returned to slavery to Mrs. Emerson
based on the previous arguments?
SO… WHAT DID
THE SUPREME
COURT DECIDE?
• They ruled that Dred Scott could not
be a citizen and therefore did not have
the RIGHT to sue in court at all.
• Why?
▫ At the time the Constitution was
approved, African Americans were
not recognized as citizens.
▫ Only citizens had the right to sue in
court at this time.
• The Court also decided that banning
slavery violated slaveholder’s
property rights- so the Missouri
Compromise was unconstitutional
•
". . . . . . We think they [people of African
ancestry] are . . . not included, and were not
intended to be included, under the word
"citizens" in the Constitution, and can
therefore claim none of the rights and
privileges which that instrument provides
for and secures to citizens of the United
States. . . ."
— Chief Justice Roger B. Taney,
speaking for the majority
Photo taken from: http://www.findagrave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1573
WHAT HAPPENED?
• Dred Scott returns to slavery
with Mrs. Emerson.
• Mrs. Emerson remarries and
her new husband opposes
slavery.
• Mrs. Emerson sells Dred
Scott and his family to the
Blow Family.
• The Blow Family grants the
Scotts their freedom.
• Dred Scott dies in 1858 of
tuberculosis, but this case
was a major event that led to
the Civil War.
•
Photo taken from: http://www.findagrave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1573
THE LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE
•
Many Northerners were fearful that the South wanted to
legalize slavery throughout the nation
•
Stephen A. Douglas was a Democratic Senator
•
Republican Abraham Lincoln challenged him in a debate
•
“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this
government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half
free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not
expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be
divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.”
-
Abraham Lincoln
•
The two men continued to debate across Illinois throughout
the year
•
• About Slavery
Douglas won the reelection, but Lincoln was famous
JOHN BROWN’S RAID
• John Brown had previously murdered 3 proslavery
Kansans
• Brown wanted to start a slave uprising
• So…
• He planned to capture weapons in an arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia
• Brown and 18 others captured the arsenal
• Then sent the word to arm local slaves
• U.S. marines attacked Brown
• 10 men were killed
• Brown was convicted of treason and was hanged
• Abolitionists tolled bells and fired guns in his honor
• This led the country to THE BREAKING POINT
KEY QUESTION
How did the country divide further?
CHAPTER 15:
THE NATION BREAKING APART
LESSON 3: LINCOLN’S ELECTION AND
SOUTHERN SECESSION
IN THIS CHAPTER…
Lesson 1: Tensions Rise Between North and
South
Lesson 2: Slavery Dominates Politics
Lesson 3: Lincoln’s Election and Southern
Secession
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What issues and events shattered the
nation’s unity and led to civil war?
KEY QUESTION
How did the South respond to Abraham
Lincoln’s election?
VOCABULARY
Confederate States of America: Confederation
formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their
secession from the Union
Jefferson Davis: First president of the
Confederate States of America
ELECTION OF 1860
•Huge tensions between Northern Democrats and
Southern Democrats
Candidates:
•
•
•
•
Northern Democrats nominated: Stephen A. Douglas
Southern Democrats nominated: John Breckinridge
Republicans nominated: Abraham Lincoln
Constitutional Union Party nominated: John Bell
•Lincoln won
• He said he would not abolish slavery
• Many Southerners did not trust him
• Whites saw this victory as a threat to their way of life
The White
House
Bell: “Bless
my soul I
give up.”
Breckinridge:
“That longlegged
Abolitionist is
getting ahead
of us after
all.”
Douglas: “I
never run
so in my
life.”
SOUTHERN STATES
SECEDE
•Southern states warned that they would secede (withdraw) from
the Union if Lincoln was elected
• They believed that states had certain rights that the federal
government could not overrule
• Since the states had voluntarily joined, they could also leave
•December 20, 1860
• South Carolina seceded
•Other states with economies that depended on slavery also
seceded
• Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
•Formed the Confederate States of America
• Elected Jefferson Davis as president
• Drafted a Constitution
• Supported state’s rights
• Protected slavery
THE UNION’S
RESPONSE
•Northerners believed the secession was unconstitutional
•President James Buchanan argued against secession
•If secession was permitted, the Union would become weak
•Some people tried to compromise
•The Crittenden Compromise was proposed
• Slavery should be protected south of the Missouri
Compromise
• Congress should not abolish slavery in a slave state
•Did not pass in Congress
•Attempts at compromise failed
•Slavery had pulled the nation apart
LINCOLN’S INAUGURATION
•Many wondered what the new president would do about the
crisis
•Inauguration Speech
• He assured the South that he had no intention of abolishing
slavery
• He spoke against secession
•Lincoln did not want to invade the South
•But would not leave government forts in the South
abandoned
•The forts would soon need to be supplied
•The nation waited anxiously to see what would happen next
EVENTS THAT SHATTERED
THE NATION’S UNITY
•Wilmot Proviso
•Compromise of 1850
•Uncle Tom’s Cabin
•Kansas-Nebraska Act
•Whig Party Splits
•Election of 1860
•Dred Scot Case
•John Brown’s Raid
KEY QUESTION
How did the South respond to Abraham
Lincoln’s election?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What issues and events shattered the
nation’s unity and led to civil war?
PRESIDENT UPDATE
Number
Year
Name
Party
Nickname
16
1861-1865
Abraham
Lincoln
Republican
“Honest Abe”
“The Great
Emancipator”