Transcript The Civil War - Wando High School

The Civil War
An abbreviated version
After Sumter
After the surrender of
US troops on Ft.
Sumter, Lincoln
calls for troops for
three months. He
asks Robert E. Lee,
considered to be
the best officer in
the army, to be his
general.
After Sumter
Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Arkansas
all secede and join the
Confederate States of
America. Robert E. Lee,
torn between loyalty to his
country and to his state,
decides in favor of Virginia
and turns Lincoln down for
the job of General of the
Army of the Potomac.
Advantages/Disadvantages for
each side
USA
CSA
22 million people
9 million people (3.5
million slaves
3/4 of RRs – able to
build more
1/4 of RRs – unable to
build more
4/5 of factories
Better navy
Established
government
Financially stable
1/5 of factories
Not much of a navy
Had to create a gov’t
Needed to create an
economy
Advantages/Disadvantages for each side
USA
CSA
USA had more generals,
but not as good as CSA
Had Robert E Lee and
the best generals
USA had only one military
college – West Point – all
others in South
CSA had a strong
military tradition and
were better prepared for
a military way of life
USA did not have a real
cause for which to fight
until the Emancipation
Proclamation.
Had a cause for which to
fight – CSA was fighting
for their independence,
their land, families, and
way of life
The North’s Plan
Lincoln turned to
his highest
ranking officer,
Winfield Scott,
commander in
chief of the
army, to devise
his strategy.
Scott came up
with the
Anaconda Plan,
a two part plan.
The Anaconda Plan
The plan called for:
1. a naval blockade of the Southern ports
to keep European goods from getting to
the CSA and to keep CSA’s cash crops
from being sold to make money for the war
effort.
2. to take the Mississippi River to split the
CSA in half and keep goods from Texas
and Mexico from getting to the East
(Europe was sending goods to the CSA
through Mexico)
The Anaconda Plan
To take and control the Mississippi River,
the USA needed to take New Orleans,
Vicksburg, and Memphis.
Another part of this was to take control of
the railroad centers in the CSA like
Chattanooga and Atlanta to stop the flow
of goods throughout the region.
All this will “choke” the CSA to death like
an Anaconda chokes its victims
The USA’s Plan
In addition to the Anaconda Plan, the USA
wanted to take Richmond, the capital of
the Confederacy, as a symbolic strategy.
They also used TOTAL WAR late in the
war. This was Grant’s plan to bring the
CSA to its knees. It was put into effect
most notably by Sherman in his March to
the Sea – he and his men destroyed all
that they could not use so that there was
nothing to help the CSA war effort.
The South’s Plan
1. Defend, Defend,
and Defend – hold
out until the North
gives up
2. Take the capital
of the USA in
Washington, DC
The South’s Plan
3. King Cotton
Diplomacy – withhold
cotton vital for Britain’s
and France’s economy
until they agree to
recognize the CSA,
declare the Union
blockade illegal, and
assist the CSA in the
War Effort (this was a
failure as Britain and
France went elsewhere
for their cotton, plus
relied on the North for
wheat and corn.
The Eastern Campaign
USA – The Army of the Potomac
Lincoln could not find a general he
liked and who would fight well against Lee.
CSA – The Army of Northern Virginia
Robert E Lee was in charge after the
first six months of the war.
The Eastern Campaign - Battles
• First Manassas (Bull Run) – July 21,
1861 USA general – Irwin McDowell
CSA general – PGT Beauregard
CSA victory; USA retreats to DC
USA
CSA
The Peninsular Campaign
May – July 1862
USA – Gen. George McClellan, Gen. Irwin McDowell
CSA – Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Robert E. Lee
Second Manassas (Bull Run) – August 29 – 30, 1862
USA general–John Pope
CSA general – R E Lee
CSA victory
USA – Pope
CSA - Lee
• Antietam – September 17, 1862
USA general – George McClellan
CSA general – R E Lee
Lee decides after his victories to invade the
North
Battle is a stalemate and CSA retreats;
Lincoln takes this as a victory and
announces the preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation; Antietam is
the single bloodiest day of the war
USA
CSA
• Fredericksburg – Dec 13 1862
USA general – Ambrose Burnside
CSA general – RE Lee
CSA victory
• Chancellorsville – May 2-5, 1863
USA general – Joseph Hooker
CSA general – RE Lee
CSA victory. But CSA General “Stonewall”
Jackson is killed by “friendly fire”
USA
CSA
USA
CSA
• Gettysburg - July 1 – 3, 1863
(turning point of the war)
USA General – George Meade
CSA General – RE Lee
USA victory; Lee’s loses so many men
that he is unable to mount an offensive
attack after this point. Largest number of
casualties in a single battle
• The Wilderness Campaign – May 1864
USA General – Ulysses S Grant
CSA general – RE Lee
results were inconclusive; Grant keeps
after Lee
USA
USA
• Petersburg Campaign – June – Dec 1864
USA general – Ulysses S Grant
CSA General – RE Lee
• USA takes Richmond
• Appomattox Courthouse – April 9, 1865
Lee surrenders his troops to Grant
Grant gave VERY generous terms of
surrender per Lincoln’s request.
Other Important Battles
• Monitor and Virginia (Merrimack) – March
9, 1862
naval battle of the Iron clads
• New Orleans – May 30, 1862
USA – Admiral David Farragut
General Benjamin Butler
CSA – Gen Mansfield Lovell
USA takes the mouth of the Mississippi
River
• Vicksburg – May 18 – July 4, 1863
USA general – Ulysses S Grant
CSA general - John C. Pemberton
Grant cannot take the city by any means,
so he lays siege to the city and starves
them out; Vicksburg surrenders on the 4th
of July; USA basically controls the
Mississippi River at this point.
This was the day after Gettysburg and
together, it turned the tide for the USA
Port Royal Experiment
In order to supply
and strengthen the
Naval blockade of
Southern ports,
the USA took Port
Royal, SC and the
surrounding sea
islands on
November 7, 1861
Port Royal Experiment
The Plantation owners
fled with the arrival of
the Union troops,
leaving 10,000 slaves
along the Sea
Islands. This region
became a haven for
slaves in SC and
Georgia fleeing their
bondage.
Port Royal Experiment
General David Hunter,
commander of the
“Department of the
South” devised a plan
to retake Fort Sumter
from the Port Royal
area. To accomplish
this, Hunter planned
to enlist the AfricanAmericans into the
military.
Port Royal Experiment
Hunter issued a military
order in May, 1862 that
freed all the slaves in
South Carolina, Georgia,
and Florida. Out of fear
of losing the border
states, Lincoln quickly
revoked the order in
favor of a “gradual
emancipation” with
financial support from
the government.
First SC Volunteers
The 1st SC Volunteers were
not paid because of lack
of support from the Union
army and were soon
disbanded, but about the
time of the Emancipation
Proclamation, Lincoln
decided to enlist African
Americans in the military
and the regiment was
reformed.
The Emancipation Proclamation
Announced after Antietam
and officially put into
effect on January 1,
1863. It freed slaves only
in Confederate territories
in rebellion and not in
those controlled by the
Union and not in the
border states or CSA
areas already under
USA control. It made
slavery a cause of the
war.
Robert Smalls
Slave from Beaufort
who was “hired out”
in Charleston. He
worked on a CSA
ship called the
Planter. In May,
1862, when the white
officers in charge of
the ship were off in
the city for a party
one evening...
Smalls donned the
Captain’s uniform, picked
up his wife and children
and 8 other slaves and
took the Planter to the
Union ship blockading
the harbor. As he passed
each CSA fort on the
way, he gave the correct
signal. As he approached
the US ship, he raised a
white flag and
surrendered the ship.
Smalls was cheered as a
hero in the Union and
was made an officer of
the US Navy. He knew
the waters around the
SC coast and helped the
Union in many battles.
He helped convince
Lincoln to allow AfricanAmericans to join the US
military. After the war, he
served in the SC
government.
African-American Troops
The best known African-American troops were the 54th
Massachusetts, formed after the Emancipation
Proclamation; Fredrick Douglass’s two sons joined up.
They came to SC and fought around Beaufort and
James Island before the attack on Morris Island, made
famous in “Glory”
54th Massachusetts
The 54th Massachusetts volunteered to lead
the assault on the Confederate stronghold
on Morris Island, Fort (Battery) Wagner.
54th Massachusetts
In the assault on the fort,
the 54th lost huge
numbers of men – and
the Union did not take
the fort. The
commanding officer,
Robert Gould Shaw,
was killed as well. The
CSA dug a mass
grave for all the troops
killed in the attack.
54th Massachusetts
The 54th Massachusetts
proved to the North and
to the army that African
Americans not only
would fight, but would
fight as well and as
hard as any white
soldier.
Sgt. Henry Stewart, E Company,
54th Massachusetts.
William Harvey Carney
For his role in the attack
on Fort Wagner, William
Carney’s actions were
the earliest by an African
American to be
recognized with the
Medal of Honor, the
highest award a US
citizen can receive.