Transcript Document
The Civil War: 1861 - 1865
"...WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE
DEAD SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN; THAT
THIS NATION, UNDER GOD, SHALL HAVE A
NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM; AND THAT
GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE
PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE, SHALL NOT
PERISH FROM THE EARTH."
-ABRAHAM LINCOLNTHE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
Confederate States of America
Model constitution after US
Single six-year term, line item veto power for Pres.
No power to levy tariff
No funds for internal improvements
Prohibit foreign slave trade
JD = President
Limited c. gov.
States more sovereign than “fed” gov.
Secession of parts of states (GA)
Money issues
$1 bil. in CSA $, 10% tax (in kind), impressment (private
property), nat’lization of RR & industrial development
“This country will be
drenched in blood…The
people of the North…
are not going to let this
country be destroyed
without a mighty effort
to save it…Besides,
where are your men and
appliances of war to
contend against
them?...You are
rushing into war with
one of the most
powerful, ingeniously
mechanical and
determined people on
earth- right at your
doors…Only in spirit
and determination are
you prepared for war.
In all else you are
totally unprepared.”
-William Tecumseh
Sherman
Confederate seizure of Union
Federal Installations in South
For US- defend or give over to CSA?
Fort Pickens- Pensacola, FL
Fort Sumter- Charleston, SC
April 12th, 1861: WAR BEGINS!
Use of Executive Power
Lincoln increase power as chief exec. & CinC- no
authorization from Congress
1. call for 75k troops- put down “insurrection” in CSA
2. OK to spend US $$ for war
3. suspend writ of habeas corpus
Arrest w/ no charge or trial OK
Copperheads
MD situation
• Arrest of mayor, police chief, city council - Baltimore
• Taney
• Frank Key Howard- 14 months at the American Bastille
The War is on. . .
Post- Fort Sumter- 4 more states into CSA b/c
Lincoln willing to use troops in crisis
Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee
Four slave states stayed in the Union:
Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri
• 1863- WV
Capital of CSA from Montgomery Richmond
The Union vs. The Confederacy
Union
Advantages were their
resources: had more
People
Factories
Food production
Extensive rail system
3- Point Strategy:
Navy blockade of Southern
ports (Anaconda Plan)
Conquer the MS River/Split
CSA in two
Capture Richmond, VA
(capital)
Confederacy
Advantages were:
Highly trained/effective
generals
motivated soldiers
resourcefulness/fighting
in own territory
Strategy:
Defend the CSA
Attack Union when
opportunity arises
CSA v. USA: MILITARY
CSA
USA
Defense = offense
Must conquer CSA
Size of Europe
Short distance for
troops, supplies
Coast difficult to
blockade
Experienced military
leaders
High morale
Long distance war
High pop. useful in war
of attrition
+ Immigrants,
emancipation
US Navy
CSA v. USA: ECONOMY
CSA
USA
AG based
Cash crops
Banking
King Cotton
85% of US factories
Confederate $$
70% of RR
inflation
Control of capital
65% of farmland
Logistic savvy
CSA v. USA: POLITICS
CSA
USA
Struggle for
Preservation of Union
independence
States’ rights issues
liability
To win- need strong c. gov.,
public support
Suspension of civil rights
Victory? Turn people vs.
Union/Abe/War
Strong c. gov. + public
support
Suspension of civil
rights
Border States
Why not DE, MD, MO, KY?
Union sentiment, federal policy
MD: pro-secessionist attack Union troops, threats to
destroy RR to DC, PA
martial law, suspension of HC state under federal control
MO- US troops block pro-South forces
Guerrilla forces throughout war
KY- vote to remain neutral
CSA violate federal troops in
Loss of border states CSA population up 50%,
resources, transportation/communication networks
No emancipation @ start of war to appease Unionists
in border states
"I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky."
First Battle of Manassas
The Battle of Bull Run
July 21, 1861
Back & forth between USA & CSA
North- Brig. General McDowell
South led by Brig. General P.G.T. Beauregard, General Thomas
Jackson
“There stands Jackson like a stone wall!”
Col. Francis Bartow- 1st Commander to die in the Civil War
CSA win
= war of attrition, rebs as “invincible”
Improved weapons (minie ball, grenade, submarine), trenches
Strategy of the Union
Anaconda Plan
McClellan- Richmond
MS- Grant, Farragut (sea)
Blockade
March 8, 1862- Monitor v. Virginia (Merimack)/Hampton Roads
Effect?
Peninsula Campaign
Gen. George McClellan v. Gen. Robert E. Lee
Western Theater
U.S. Grant- TN
Shiloh
Antietam/ Sharpsburg
September 17, 1862
War for Capitals: Antietam
Sept., 1862: CSA/ANV DC
Victory in USA = support/recognition from GB
failure
Lee/ANV cross Potomac MD
Plans exposed- McClellan takes advantage
Sept. 17th: USA v. CSA - Antietam Creek.
Bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history
22k+ wounded/dead.
Lee back to VA = Union victory.
Union Gen. McClellan not pursue retreating CSA
Lincoln removal from command
“bad case of the slows”
Emancipation Proclamation
Abe use as opportunity to change purpose of war.
Draft of EP prior to battle
Use to weaken the CSA.
War powers = seizure of enemy resources/contraband.
Slaves = resource/contraband
ONLY in CSA
EP- Sep. 22, 1862 effective Jan. 1, 1863.
Before EP= war on economics of slavery, states v. federal
rights, to preserve the Union (or Southern independence)
After EP = war also about moral issue of slavery.
Emancipation
Emancipation
Why not earlier?
Need support of border states
Constitutional protection of slavery
Racial prejudice of N
Election of 1864
EP = Freedman into War
200k serve in Union army
37k dead
Army of Freedom
Segregated
Mass. 54th Regiment
Foreign Affairs
Desire for foreign aid
GB & King Cotton
Breakdown of US democratic experiment (pol. & econ. effects)
Trent Affair
1861- James Mason & John Slidell on the British Trent
Captured by US, prisoners of war threat of war b/t GB/USA
Lincoln apology, release
No recognition
Alabama
CSA buy GB warships, raiders (‘bama- 60+ vessels captured
before sunk by USA)
Laird ram purchase blocked by US (threat of war w/ GB if sell)
King Cotton fails
Cotton from India, Egypt
Other materials- wool, linen
No CSA recognition by GB/France
Lee’s loss @ Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
Benefit of trade w/ USA
Turning Points
Vicksburg
Spring, 1863- USA control New Orleans, most MS
river/valley
Grant attempt to take Vicksburg
Fortified, on hill overlooking MS River
USA destroy rail lines, distract CSA troops near
Jackson
While Union infantry to Vicksburg.
April 30 = start of siege --> Confederate surrender
on July 4
An Invasion into the North
Lee intent to invade North = Gettysburg
Victory force Union to call for peace, foreign intervention
Go through MD, into PA
N support for war minimal.
soldiers deserting
Attempts to undermine Lincoln, war effort
July 1st – 3rd, 1863
CSA retreat
No more offensive, no more invasion of N
Gettysburg Address
November 1863: Ceremony to dedicate cemetery @
Gettysburg
People to see U.S. in a new way
Was not a collection of individual states, but a UNIFIED
NATION
The War Turns
War of Attrition
Grant OK w/ war style- attrition
Grant E to VA- commander of all USA armies
Victory through…
Use of population of resource
Destruction of CSA supply lines
Wear down CSA army
Vs. Lee CSA army #s low, retreat to defense of Richmond
Total war
Sherman’s March to the Sea
100k men- Chattanooga Atlanta (Sept., 64- election year),
Savannah (Dec.), Columbia (Feb., 65)
Election of ‘64
Dems- McClellan
Call for peace! Appeal to war-weary
Repub = Unionist Party
Lincoln + Johnson
Appeal to “War Democrats”
Gettysburg, Vicksburg Republican win, reelection
212 EC to 21 EC
BUT… McClellan 45% of pop. vote
War Ends
Successful blockade + Sherman’s march + starvation
in S (winter, ’64-’65)
Lee lines collapse @ Petersburg
April 3rd, 1865: Union take Richmond
surrender @ Appomattox Courthouse
Lee attempt to retreat into mtns- cut off, forced surrender
Abe want restoration of Union vs. Davis demand for continued
independence- CSA gov. negotiation for peace fail
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
April 9th - Lee & Grant meet, arrange surrender
generous terms of surrender
Grant took over Lee’s soldiers, sent them home w/ possessions
and few days worth of rations.
By May, all Confederate resistance collapsed.
The Civil War ends w/ Union preserved
Death toll almost as many deaths as all other US wars
combined
Union- 360,000
CSA- 260,000
TOTAL: 620,000
Lincoln Assassination
March, 1865: Booth + friends plan kidnapping
Lincoln taken to Richmond, VA exchange for Confederate
prisoners
Lincoln did not arrive at time/place, so plan failed
April, 1865: Plot to save Confederacy
Kill Lincoln, VP Andrew Johnson, & Sec. of State William
Seward
April 14th, 1865: Lincoln’s to Ford’s Theater in DC to
see Our American Cousin
3rd act, “unknown” shooter into box Lincoln shot from
behind (head)
Sic Semper Tyrannus= Thus always to tyrants!
Virginia, Caesar
Lincoln paralyzed, died April 15th, 1865
Booth caught 12 days later in in Virginia
Other two parts of plan failed