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Handling Large Projects Project Decomposition Stepwise Refinement Functional Decomposition Design Decomposition Work Breakdown Structures (WBS) Why to Project Decomposition Project Decomposition F(xyz)q = F(x)q + (y)q + (z)q A complex project can be divided into simpler components. Each component is easier to handle. System development projects are decomposed into smaller components in order to provide better estimates of the amount of the amount of work involved and to monitor the and manage the various activities of the development team. Stepwise Refinement Stepwise Refinement Stepwise refinement are iterative methods because each iteration decomposes the system further. Systems Component 1 Component 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 Component 3 2.3 2.2.2 2.3.1 2.3.2 Functional Decomposition Functional Decomposition Functional decomposition of a software project is a division of the system into its operational components as they are seen by the user. The objective is to describe is to define all the characteristics of the system from the user’s perspective. Functional Decomposition Automatic Bank Teller System Automatic Bank Teller Services User Services Center Computer QUeary and Updates Center Computer Services Teller machine interface function Report generator Customer DB Manager Center Computer Services Design Decomposition Design Decomposition Is a division of the system into lower level components that coincide with the actual software components of the systems. In a full design decomposition of a software system, the lowest components correspond to programming modules (e.g. procedures, subroutines, or program functions) Requirement Functional decomposition Decomposition. Design Design Decomposition Automatic bank teller system Wide area network interface Teller communications interface Automatic teller Central computer communications interface Keyboard drive Hardware interface Display driver Printer drive Central computer teller logic computer database manager teller interface logic beeper driver The best design would strive to produce independent software components or modules. Good design will strive for low coupling, high cohesion and information hiding. Work Breakdown structure WBS This is the division of the IT project into basic work components The sum total of these work components covers all the tasks that need to be performed in order to complete the project successfully. Materials Functions People WBS Project Decomposition Development tasks Managerial tasks Support tasks Administrative tasks WBS Project WBS Command and Control System Management and administration Software requirement analysis Control logic Software development Software design procurement and development Software coding Software integration Command interface Display utilities Communications Display formatter Screen driver Shape generator WBS Task ID Description 1. Management and Administration 2. Software development 2.1 Software requirement analysis 2.2 Software design 2.2.1 Control logic 2.2.2 Command interface … … 2.3.3.1 Display formatter Status Assigned to Completed Joe Smith … 2.3 Software coding 2.4 Software integration … 3 Procurement and development support See table 6.2 Comments Principles of managing Software projects OLD Delegation Supervision Authority Responsibility NEW Delegation Leadership Authority Responsibility Managing Large Projects Project Manager (PM) Secretary Deputy PM Type title here Integration group Independent testing Software group Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Hardware group QA Project Reporting Techniques Period written status report Verbal reports Status meetings Product demonstrations (demo) Status Reports Status Reports Format Red flags Activities during the report period (2 weeks). Major activity planned for the next report period Problems and general issues This should be linked to WBS Planned activities for the next report period Problems that require the immediate attention of the PM. Issues not yet resolved from the last period Holidays, Vacation, New project members, etc. Date, report period, Name of report, Who is submitting the report.