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12. Summary, Trends, Research PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Roadmap > Summary: — Trends in programming paradigms > Research: ... — scg.unibe.ch © O. Nierstrasz 13.2 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... C and C++ Good for: > systems programming > portability Bad for: > learning (very steep learning curve) > rapid application development > maintenance Trends: > increased standardization > generative programming © O. Nierstrasz 13.3 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Functional Languages Good for: > equational reasoning > declarative programming Bad for: > OOP > explicit concurrency > run-time efficiency (although constantly improving) Trends: > standardization: Haskell > extensions (concurrency, objects) © O. Nierstrasz 13.4 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Lambda Calculus Good for: > simple, operational foundation for sequential programming languages Bad for: > programming Trends: > object calculi > concurrent, distributed calculi (e.g., pi calculus, “join” calculus ...) © O. Nierstrasz 13.5 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Type Systems Good for: > catching static errors > documenting interfaces > formalizing and reasoning about domains of functions and objects Bad for: > reflection; self-modifying programs Trends: > reasoning about concurrency and other side effects > “pluggable”, optional types © O. Nierstrasz 13.6 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Polymorphism Good for: > parametric good for generic containers > subtyping good for frameworks (generic clients) > overloading syntactic convenience (classes in Haskell, overloading in Java) > coercion convenient, but may obscure meaning Bad for: > local reasoning > optimization Trends: > combining subtyping, polymorphism and overloading > exploring alternatives to subtyping (“matching”) © O. Nierstrasz 13.7 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Denotational Semantics Good for: > formally and unambiguously specifying languages > sequential languages Bad for: > modelling concurrency and distribution Trends: > “Natural Semantics” (inference rules vs. equations) > concurrent, distributed calculi © O. Nierstrasz 13.8 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Logic Programming Good for: > searching (expert systems, graph & tree searching ...) > symbolic interpretation Bad for: > debugging > modularity Trends: > constraints > concurrency > modules © O. Nierstrasz 13.9 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Object-Oriented Languages Good for: > domain modelling > developing reusable frameworks Bad for: > learning (steep learning curve) > understanding (hard to keep systems well-structured) > semantics (no agreement) Trends: > aspect-oriented programming > prototype-based programming (renaissance) © O. Nierstrasz 13.10 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Scripting Languages Good for: > rapid prototyping > high-level programming > reflection; on-the-fly generation and evaluation of programs > gluing components from different environments Bad for: > type-checking; reasoning about program correctness > performance-critical applications Trends: > replacing programming as main development paradigm > scripting web applications © O. Nierstrasz 13.11 PS — Summary, Trends, Research ... Visual Programming Languages Good for: > Simulation, games > GUI programming Bad for: > Complex algorithms > Scale Trends: > Programming for kids > Model transformation © O. Nierstrasz 13.12 ST — Introduction License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible license. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author's moral rights. © Oscar Nierstrasz 1.13