Transcript Other Dietary Practices

Other Dietary Practices
Other Dietary Practices for Weight Loss and
Weight Control
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High-Protein and Low
Carbohydrate Diets
Mediterranean Diets
Vegetarian Diets
Pharmacological Agents
Unsafe approaches
High Protein Diets for Weight
loss
High protein but NOT low carb
 Not a lot of studies done but the
few done look promising.
 High = Above the .8g/kg/day 
30% of kcal46%-34% 20%
(twice the amount)
 Increase satiety and
thermogenesis and maintenance
FFM
 Subjects loss more BF than those
in typical low fat diets
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High Protein Diets (Not Low Carb)
Continued…
Dates back to the 1860’s
 Individuals report feeling fuller thermogenesis and
satiety improved on a 30% protein
 Appears to help in keeping the weight off by increasing
protein for individuals on maintenance.
 Increasing from 15% to as high as 20%
 50% of individuals did not regain weight and reported
feeling fuller when protein levels increased.
 Those that gain weight, gained FFM.
 Research indicates that a modest increase (20% instead
of 15%) in protein may be recommended for those
individuals that struggle with a weight problem.
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High Fat Diets
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Claim is that it has an effect on
satiety and thermogenesis.
But research says quite the
opposite is true.
Less likely to provide satiety during
meal and throughout the day.
Incompatible with weight loss 
body more easily converts the fat to
body fat.
Carbohydrate-restricted Diets
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Less than 20% of calories from
Carbs or 20-60 grams/day…
◦ aka Atkins diet
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Modified low still below the
acceptable carb range of 45-65%
more like high protein diets
◦ Zone
◦ South beach
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Low Carb associated with
deficiencies in vitamin A, B6, C and
E; folate; calcium; magnesium;
iron; potassium; and fiber
Headaches and constipation also a
problem.
Research on Carb Restricted
Diets
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Initial weight loss greater at 6 months but no
difference after a year.
Diets with 1.05g/kg/day of CHO (~ carb 35 to 41%):
◦ Greater amount of body fat and body weight loss
◦ BUT greater FFM lost than those on low fat diets
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Data insufficient to support claim that low carb
better.
Best advice for weight loss:
◦ A little higher on the protein may be beneficial during
caloric restriction because of satiety
◦ Choose complex unrefined carbohydrates (aka: fruits and
vegetables and whole grains )
Mediterranean Diets
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Although different Mediterranean countries
have their own dietary habits, there are
similarities relating to their food intake
Common dietary features:
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Whole grains, potatoes and pasta
High in complex carbs and fiber
Vegetables and legumes
Yogurts, feta and mozzarella cheeses
Nuts
Fruits (grapes and figs)
Little meat and egg consumption
Some seafood and poultry consumption
Sources of fat are olives, olive oil, nuts and
fish
◦ High in monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fat intake
◦ Low saturated fat intake
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Research suggests that the Mediterranean diet
leads to lower incidences of heart disease,
certain cancers, and other diseases
As might be expected, because of the lower
incidence of disease, life expectancy is high
Vegetarian Diets
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No meat, fish, poultry, dairy or
eggs
Considered helpful although more
challenging for some
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian does eat
dairy and eggs
Vegan-no animal products or
derivatives
Vegetarian diets are:
◦ Low in saturated fat & cholesterol
◦ High in fiber, folate and vitamin C
& E, carotenoids
◦ Lower rates of obesity, death from
CVD, Hypertension, type 2 diabetes
& prostate and colon cancer
Pharmacological Agents for
Weight Loss
Lipase Inhibition: Fat Malabsorption
Agents
 Appetite Suppressants and Energy
Expenditure-Increasing Agents
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Lipase Inhibition (fat blockers)
Orlistat (Xenical) (alli –half
the strength)
 Blocks digestion and
absorption of triglycerides
excreted in stool undigested
 Shows modest results
 Side effects:
◦ Flatulence, oily stool, fecal urgency,
incontinence, abdominal pain
◦ Also decreased absorption of fat
soluble vitamins!
◦ Compensatory increase in kcal through
carbs
Appetite Suppressants and Energy
Expenditure Increasing Agents
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Fen-Phen
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Phentermine & fenfluramine
Amphetamine like  caused appetite suppression and weight loss
Not safe pulmonary hypertension & heart valves problem
Has been taken off market
Sibutramine
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Meridia
To decrease appetite by reducing feelings of hunger in brain
Modes results may lead to dry mouth, constipation and insomnia
Does seem to improve lipid profiles
May help some obese individuals
Unsafe Approaches to Weight
Loss
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Fad diets
Calories per day too low
Fasting
Diet pills (over the counter)
Very-low calorie diets (<1200 kcal) without
medical supervision
Evaluating Fad Diets
Promises a “quick fix.”
 Claims that sound to good to be true.
 Simplistic conclusion drawn from complex study.
 Recommendations based on a single study or “no
studies” or opinions based on studies published
without peer review.
 Dramatic statements that are refuted by reputable
scientific organizations.
 List of “good” and “bad” foods or “forbidden.”
 Advice given to help sell a product.
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Fasting
Skipping meals or high
levels of physical activity
that do no match food
intake.
 Leads to decrease in:
◦ Glycogen stores
◦ Lean body mass
◦ Decrease in RMR
◦ Bone mineral density
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Evaluating the Quality of a Diet
How does the diet cut calories?
 Is it healthy?
 What is the nutrient density of the
diet?
 Does the diet advocate exercise?
 Does it make sense?
 Where is the evidence?
 Does it meet the clients individual
needs?
 How much does it cost?
 What kind of social support does the
individual have?
 How easy is it to adhere to the diet?
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