Transcript Thematic PowerPoint: Music Part 2

Thematic PowerPoint: Music Part
2
Johnny Luong
Recorded Music in the 1800s
• For centuries man had dreamed of capturing the sounds
and music of his environment. Many had attempted it but
no one had succeeded until Thomas Alva Edison discovered
a method of recording and playing back sound.
• What had started out as an apparatus intended as part of
an improved telephone led to the development of an
instrument which would change the world, making it a
happier, even a better, place to live.
• 1857: Frenchman Leon Scott invented the phonautograph
which translated fluctuating air pressures into a scribed
trace on a smoked cylinder by means of a stylus attached to
a membrane. The resulting transcription could not
reproduce the sound.
Cont.
• 1877: In April another Frenchman, Charles Cros, a poet and
inventor of photographic colour processes proposed that Scott’s
method be improved by photoengraving the trace onto metal with
the possibility of retracing the pattern resulting in the replay of the
original sound.
• In July Thomas Alva Edison, the prolific American inventor,
discovered a method of recording and replaying sound having
followed a somewhat different line of research from Scott or Cros.
• He filed a provisional specification for a British patent 2909/1877.
• On December 24, Edison applied for the US Patent 200 521 which
covered talking machines and sound writers to be known as
Phonographs. The first phonographs used tin foil cylinders.
Classicism between 1790-1820
• When Haydn and Mozart began composing, symphonies
were played as single movements
• The term classical music is used colloquially to describe a
variety of Western musical styles from the ninth century to
the present, and especially from the sixteenth or
seventeenth to the nineteenth.
• The moment was again ripe for a dramatic shift. During the
1790s, there emerged of a new generation of composers,
born around 1770, who, while they had grown up with the
earlier styles, found in the recent works of Haydn and
Mozart a vehicle for greater expression.
• In 1788 Luigi Cherubini settled in Paris and in 1791
composed Lodoiska, an opera that rose him to fame.
Cont.
• Its style is clearly reflective of the mature Haydn and Mozart, and its
instrumentation gave it a weight that had not yet been felt in the grand
opera.
• The most fateful of the new generation was Ludwig van Beethoven, who
launched his numbered works in 1794 with a set of three piano trios,
which remain in the repertoire.
• Somewhat younger than the others, though equally accomplished because
of his youthful study under Mozart and his native virtuosity, was Johann
Nepomuk Hummel. Hummel studied under Haydn as well; he was a friend
to Beethoven and Schubertand a teacher to Franz Liszt.
• The crucial differences with the previous wave can be seen in the
downward shift in melodies, increasing durations of movements, the
acceptance of Mozart and Haydn as paradigmatic, the greater use of
keyboard resources, the shift from "vocal" writing to "pianistic" writing,
the growing pull of the minor and of modal ambiguity, and the increasing
importance of varying accompanying figures to bring "texture" forward as
an element in music.
Classical Influences on later composers
• Musical eras seldom disappear at once; instead, features are
replaced over time, until the old is simply felt as "old-fashioned".
• The Classical style did not "die" so much as transform under the
weight of changes.
• One crucial change was the shift towards harmonies centering
around "flatward" keys: shifts in the subdominant direction.
• In the Classical style, major key was far more common than minor,
chromaticism being moderated through the use of "sharpward"
modulation, and sections in the minor mode were often merely for
contrast.
• Beginning with Mozart and Clementi, there began a creeping
colonization of the subdominant region.
• With Schubert, subdominant moves flourished after being
introduced in contexts in which earlier composers would have
confined themselves to dominant shifts.
Cont.
• This introduced darker colors to music, strengthened the minor
mode, and made structure harder to maintain. Beethoven
contributed to this by his increasing use of the fourth as a
consonance, and modal ambiguity
• Franz Schubert, Carl Maria von Weber, and John Field are among
the most prominent in this generation of "Classical Romantics",
along with the young Felix Mendelssohn.
• Their sense of form was strongly influenced by the Classical style,
and they were not yet "learned" but they directly responded to
works by Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi, and others, as they
encountered them.
• The instrumental forces at their disposal were also quite "Classical"
in number and variety, permitting similarity with Classical works.
• However, the forces destined to end the hold of the Classical style
gathered strength in the works of each of these composers.
Cont.
• The most commonly cited one is harmonic innovation.
• However, also important is the increasing focus on having a continuous
and rhythmically uniform accompanying figuration: Beethoven's
Moonlight Sonata was the model for hundreds of later pieces — where
the shifting movement of a rhythmic figure provides much of the drama
and interest of the work.
• Greater knowledge of works, greater instrumental expertise, increasing
variety of instruments, the growth of concert societies, and the
unstoppable domination of the piano —which created a huge audience for
sophisticated music— all contributed to the shift to the "Romantic" style.
• Renewed interest in the formal balance and restraint of 18th century
classical music led in the early 20th century to the development of socalled Neoclassical style, which numbered Stravinsky and Prokofiev among
its proponents, at least at certain times in their careers.
1820s
• Anthony Philip Heinrich publishes a set of instrumental and vocal
pieces, The Dawning of Music in Kentucky, his first published work in a
long series that will make him the "chief composer of orchestral music" of
the era.
• The Euterpeiad, published in Boston by the Franklin Music
Warehouse (one of the first music stores in the country), becomes the first
periodical entirely about music in the United States.
• The Quaker Levi Coffin gives an early account of an ancestor of African
American spirituals
• The black African Grove Theater, led by Henry Brown, in Manhattan opens
to the public, one of the earliest theaters to feature African American
performers in full productions, also training the renowned Ira Aldridge.
• Lowell Mason publishes his first book of hymns, the Boston Handel and
Haydn Society Collection of Church Music, which quickly becomes one of
the most popular tune books of the era.
Cont.
• The Army is reorganized, allowing musicians to be treated
as privates in pay and allowances, and bands were officially
allowed to form their own squad within each regiment.
• Thomas Hastings publishes his Dissertation on Musical
Taste, the "first American treatise of its kind".
• John Cole forms an influential music publishing business
with his son, located in Baltimore.
• English comedian Charles Matthews tours the United
States, including a song in his act, "Possum up a Gum Tree",
which he hears on his trip by African Americans at a theater
in New York. His use of the song is the "first certain
example of a white man borrowing (African American)
material for a black faced act.
Cont.
• The Park Theatre in New York City hosts a performance of The Barber of
Seville by an opera led by Manuel Garcia and aided by expatriate Lorenzo
da Ponte. The show was very successful, and helped establish a market for
continental opera in the United States. Maria Garcia, the show's female
lead, became the first female star singer in New York.
• The American piano industry begins with the patenting of a new
construction for the instrument by Alpheus Babcock of Boston, which used
a metal frame rather than a wooden one.
• The Allentown Band is founded. It will become the oldest American band
in continuous existence.
• George Washington Dixon, a blackface performer, introduces a popular
song, "Coal Black Rose", which is said to be the first blackface comic love
song.
• Henry E. Moore leads the first singing school conventions, for singing
masters, in Concord, New Hampshire and other areas.
1830s
• José de la Rosa, a guitarist, composer and printer, moves to
California, where he will document the oldest-known transcription
of Mexican-Californian song lyrics.
• Lorenzo Da Ponte and others back the building of New York City's
first opera house
• Thomas Dodworth begins using only brass instruments to play lead
lines, the beginning of the modern brass band
• Music education is first introduced into the public school system of
New York City.
• Francis Johnson presents the country's first promenade in
Philadelphia
• Allen Dodworth patents horns worn over-the-shoulder to project
the sound behind the performer. This is intended for use in military
contexts, and leads to military bands becoming almost
exclusively brass bands.
1840s
• Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 is performed for the first
time in Boston, indicating a growing acceptance for the work of
European composers, led by the likes of music critic John Sullivan
Dwight
• The first production of Norma by Vincenzo Bellini in the country, at
the Chesnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, adapted by Joseph Fry.
• Music education is introduced into the public school system of
Chicago
• Singing is a common activity at the newly-founded Convent of the
Holy Family, the first convent for African American women.
• Musical activity in the Catholic missions of California cease, the
result of Mexican secularization and selling, which began in 1833.
• Christy's Minstrels of Buffalo, New York, settle in New York City and
become one of the most popular minstrel troupes in the city.
Cont.
• Music education is first introduced into the public school system
of Cincinnati, Ohio.
• An African Methodist Episcopal church in Baltimore becomes the first in
the country to introduce instrumental music
• The first substantial wave of Chinese immigration to the United
States begins, inspired by the California Gold Rush. The vast majority of
these immigrants are from the coastal southern region of Guangdong; as a
result, the dominant forms of Chinese-American music will remain
Cantonese opera and other folk songs, as well as the Taishan tradition
of muyulmuk'yu song.
• Louis Moreau Gottschalk, then living in Paris, composes Bamboula, La
savane, Le bananier and Le mancenillier, all based on American melodies;
these works helped establish Gottschalk as a "musical representative of
the Old World in the New". He will become the "first American concert
artist and composer to achieve international renown.
Musical History in the Civil War
• The Civil War lasted for four long years, and during these years,
numerouse songs and ballads were composed.
• On the field, fifers played shrill tunes accompanied by drummers
beating various beats.
• While many documents and artifacts of the Civil War have not
survived, most of the music played and enjoyed during that period
still survives today.
• That is not to say, however, that some tunes have not been lost
over the years; they have, but many more have survived.
• The songs sung during the war can be divided into several
categories.
• There were inspirational marching songs written to boost the
morales of soldiers on both sides.
Cont.
• There were negro spirituals and other traditional slave songs.
• There were songs that soldiers sang when they were sad and
thinking of home; there were songs that families sang at home
when thinking of loved ones away at war.
• Obviously, not all Civil War songs fit into those categories, but the
majority of them do.
• Drumbeats originally served two purposes: to tell soldiers what to
do, and to keep them in step.
• Drum calls issued commands to soldiers, while other drumbeats
with fife accompaniments helped soldiers march.
• Fife music was popular during the war because the shrill tone of the
fife could be heard well above the rumbling of cannon and the
other noises on the battlefield.
Importance
• During the Civil War, when soldiers from across
the country commingled, the multifarious strands
of American music began to crossfertilize each
other, a process that was aided by the burgeoning
railroad industry and other technological
developments that made travel and
communication easier.
• Army units included individuals from across the
country, and they rapidly traded tunes,
instruments and techniques.
Cont.
• The songs that arose from this fusion were "the
first American folk music with discernible features
that can be considered unique to America.”
• The war was an impetus for the creation of many
songs that became and remained wildly popular;
the songs were aroused by "all the varied
passions (that the Civil War inspired)" and
"echoed and re-echoed" every aspect of the war.
Cont.
• John Tasker Howard has claimed that the songs
from this era "could be arranged in proper
sequence to form an actual history of the
conflicts; its events, its principal characters, and
the ideals and principles of the opposing sides.”
• In addition to, and in conjunction with, popular
songs with patriotic fervor, the Civil War era also
produced a great body of brass band pieces, from
both the North and the South, as well as other
military musical traditions like the bugle call
"Taps".
Music of the American Civil War
• During the American Civil War, music played a prominent role on both
sides of the conflict
• On the American Civil War battlefield, different instruments including
bugles, drums, and fifes were played to issue marching orders or
sometimes simply to boost the morale of one's fellow soldiers.
• Singing was also employed as a recreational activity, but as a release from
the inevitable tensions that come with fighting in a war, particularly a war
in which the issue of freedom of a race is to be decided In camp, music
was a diversion away from the bloodshed, helping the soldiers deal with
homesickness and boredom.
• Soldiers of both sides often engaged in recreation with musical
instruments, and when the opposing armies were near each other,
sometimes the bands from both sides of the conflict played against each
other on the night before a battle.
Cont.
• Many soldiers brought musical instruments from home to pass the
time at camp
• Musical duels between the two sides were common, as they heard
each other as the music traveled across the countryside
• The first song written for the war, The First Gun is Fired, was first
published and distributed three days after the Battle of Fort Sumter.
George F. Root, who wrote it, is said to have produced the most
songs of anyone about the war, over thirty in total. Lincoln once
wrote a letter to Root, saying, "You have done more than a hundred
generals and a thousand orators".
• The southern states had long lagged behind northern states in
producing common literature
• In the Confederate States of America, God Save the South was the
official national anthem.
Cont.
• United States President Abraham Lincoln said he loved Dixie and
wanted to hear it played, saying "as we had captured the rebel
army, we had also captured the rebel tune".
• The United States did not have a national anthem at this time (Star
Spangled Banner would not be recognized as such until the
twentieth century). Union soldiers frequently sang the Battle Cry of
Freedom, and the Battle Hymn of the Republic was considered the
north's most popular song.
• Although certain songs were identified with one particular side of
the war, sometimes the other would adapt the song for their use.
• Musicians on the battlefield were drummers and buglers, with an
occasional fifer
Cont.
• Buglers had to learn forty-nine separate calls just
for infantry, with more needed for cavalry.
• Some of these required musicians were drummer
boys not even in their teens, which allowed an
adult man to instead be a foot soldier.
• The drum and band majors wore baldrics to
indicate their status; after the war, this style
would be emulated in civilian bands. Drummers
would march to the right of a marching column.
Louis Spohr
• (5 April 1784 – 22 October 1859) was a
German composer, violinist and conductor.
• Usually known by the French form of his name
outside Germany. Sometimes described as "The
Forgotten Master".
• As a violinist, his virtuoso playing was admired
by Queen Victoria.
• As a composer he ranks as a historic figure in the
development of German music drama and whose
greatest triumph was in the oratorio.
• His orchestral writings and chamber works were once
considered on a par with Mozart’s.
Carl Czerny
• (21 February 1791 – 15 July 1857)
• Was an Austrian pianist, composer and
teacher.
• He is best remembered today for his books
of etudes for the piano.
• Czerny knew and was influenced by the wellknown pianists Muzio Clementi and Johann
Nepomuk Hummel.
Benjamin Franklin White
• September 20, 1800 - December 5, 1879
• Was a shape note "singing master", and
compiler of the shape note tune book known
as The Sacred Harp.
• He was born near Cross Keys in Union
County, South Carolina, the twelfth child of
Robert and Mildred White.
Sir Henry Rowley Bishop
• 18 November 1786 — 30 April 1855
• Was an English musical composer.
• He is most famous for the songs "Home! Sweet Home!" and
"Lo, Hear the Gentle Lark".
• He was the composer or arranger of some 120 dramatic
works, including 80 operas, light operas, cantatas, and
ballets.
• Knighted in 1842, he was the first musician to be so
honored. Bishop worked for all the major theatres of
London in his era — including the Royal Opera House at
Covent Garden, the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, Vauxhall
Gardens and the Haymarket Theatre, and was
• Also Professor of Music at Oxford University
John Clem
• (August 13, 1851 – May 13, 1937)
• Was a United States Army general who had served as a
drummer boy in the Union Army in the American Civil War.
• He gained fame for his bravery on the battlefield, becoming
the youngest noncommissioned officer in Army history.
• He retired from the Army in 1916, having attained the rank
of Colonel in the Quartermaster Corps.
• When advised he should retire, he requested to be allowed
to remain on active duty until he became the last veteran
of the Civil War still on duty in the Armed Forces.
• By special act of Congress on August 29, 1916, he was
promoted to Major General upon his retirement.
Philip Henry Sheridan
• (March 6, 1831– August 5, 1888)
• Was a career United States Army officer and a
Union general in the American Civil War. His
career was noted for his rapid rise to major
general and his close association with Lt. Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant, who transferred Sheridan
from command of an infantry division in the
Western Theater to lead the Cavalry Corps of
the Army of the Potomac in the East.
Terms (15 total)
• Grand Opera is a genre of 19th-century opera generally
in four or five acts, characterized by large-scale casts
and orchestras and (in their original productions) lavish
and spectacular design and stage effects, normally with
plots based on or around dramatic historic events.
• Neoclassicism in music was a twentieth-century trend,
particularly current in the period between the two
World Wars, in which composers sought to return to
aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined
concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity,
economy, and emotional restraint.
Terms
• Moonlight Sonata was completed in 1801. It is
dedicated to his pupil, 17-year-old Countess Giulietta
Guicciardi with whom Beethoven was, or had been, in
love. It is one of Beethoven's most popular sonatas.
• Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of
integer musical notation used to
indicate intervals, chords, and nonchord tones, in
relation to a bass note. Figured bass is closely
associated with basso continuo,
an accompaniment used in almost all genres of music
in the Baroque period, though rarely in modern music.
Terms
• In music, the subdominant is the technical
name for the fourth tonal degree of
the diatonic scale. It is so called because it is
the same distance "below" the tonic as
the dominant is above the tonic.
• Spirituals - are religious songs which were
created by enslaved African people in
America.
Terms
• Minstrelsy - was an American entertainment consisting
of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music,
performed by white people in blackface or, especially
after the Civil War, black people in blackface.
• Opera house – a theatre building used
for opera performances that consists of a stage, an
orchestra pit, audience seating, and backstage facilities
for costumes and set building. While some venues are
constructed specifically for operas, other opera houses
are part of larger performing arts centers.
Terms
• Brass band – a musical group generally consisting entirely
of brass instruments, most often with a percussion section.
Ensembles that include brass and woodwind
instruments can in certain traditions also be termed brass
bands (particularly in the context of New Orleans-style
brass bands), but are usually more correctly
termed military bands, concert bands, wind bands or wind
ensembles.
• Tap dance - a form of dance characterized by a tapping
sound that is created from metal plates attached to both
the ball and heel of the dancer's shoe. These metal plates,
when tapped against a suitable surface, create a percussive
sound and as such tap dance is both a form of dance as well
as the act of playing a musical instrument.
Terms
• Fife - a small, high-pitched, transverse flute that is similar to
the piccolo, but louder and shriller due to its narrower
bore. The fife originated in medieval Europe and is often
used in military and marching bands.
• Banjo - a stringed instrument with, typically, four or five
strings, which vibrate a membrane of plastic material or
animal hide stretched over a circular frame
• Bugle - is one of the simplest brass instruments, having no
valves or other pitch-altering devices. All pitch control is
done by varying the player's embouchure, since the bugle
has no other mechanism for controlling pitch.
Consequently, the bugle is limited to notes within the
harmonic series.
Terms
• God Save the South - is considered to be the unofficial
national anthem of the Confederate States of America.
It was written by George Henry Miles (as Ernest
Halphin). The commonly-heard version was composed
by Charles W. A. Ellerbrock, while C. T. De Cœniél
composed a different tune for the song. It was written
in 1861.
• Dixie - It is one of the most distinctively American
musical products of the 19th century and probably the
best-known song to have come out of blackface
minstrelsy.
Multiple Choice Questions
• 1. What was the new music era after
classicism?
• Neo classical
• Renaissance
• Romantic
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In 1788, where did Luigi Cherubini settle?
London
Virginia
Paris
3
• What was neoclassicism?
• Music in the 17th century
• Music that was settled upon the two world
wars
• Music that was defined as the concept of
classicism
• B and C
• A and C
4
• Musical eras disappear when they were
______
• Old fashioned
• Random
• Popular
5, 6, 7
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5. Who discovered a method of recording and replaying sound?
Mozart
Thomas Alva Edison
Benjamin Franklin
6. Chromaticism being moderated, was used through what kind of
modulation?
Criticizing
Leveling
Sharpward
7. Who invented the phonautograph?
Frenchman Leon Scott
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
8, 9, 10
• 8. What kind of moves flourished after being introduced in contexts in
which earlier composers would have confined themselves to dominant
shifts?
• Subdominant
• Dominant
• Scripted
• 9. What is a grand opera?
• A genre of 19th-century opera generally in four or five acts
• A 20th century opera that performed for the wealthy
• A big stadium of drama and wide variety of shows
• 10. The moonlight sonata was completed in ____
• 1821
• 1789
• 1801
• 1794
11, 12, 13
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11. How were the musicians treated during war times?
They were paid
No one liked their style of music
Their capability to perform was dull
12. Who was Benjamin Franklin White?
Musician
Sharp note master
Slave/Farmer
Both A and B
Both B and C
13. What is tap dancing?
Tapping with the feet
Metal plates tapping together
Stomping
14, 15, 16
• 14. Which of the following happened in the 1820s?
• The Quaker Levi Coffin gives an early account of an ancestor of
African American spirituals
• William Henry Harrison becomes president
• Music education is introduced in New York
• 15. What is the oldest band?
• UT
• Allentown Band
• Seditious Threats
• 16. What does John Cole form with his son?
• A musical business
• An industry of workers
• Farming plantations
17, 18, 19, 20
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17. When does music education open for New York?
1820s
1830s
1840s
18. Who was a professor at Oxford University after retiring from composing?
Richard Fellow
Charles Matthew
Sir Henry Rowley Bishop
19. Music education introduced in Chicago under what system?
Singing
Public
Private
Electoral
20. Brass bands were:
Military bands
Government private bands
None of the above
21, 22, 23
• 21. What was the national anthem for the Confederates during the Civil
War?
• Dixie
• God Save the South
• Bay Junior
• 22. What was the national anthem for the Union?
• Star spangled banner
• Elvis Presley
• Dixie
• None
• 23. Was music more prominent in the North or South?
• Both
• South
• North
24, 25, 26
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24. Did they play on the night before the battle?
Yes but many didn’t accept that.
Yes, it was to create recreation
No, they did not play music
If they lost
25. Buglers needed ____ calls for infantry
75
22
6
49
26. Musicians on the battlefield were occasionally ____
Fifers
Buglers
Drummers
Guitarists
27, 28
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27. Abraham loved the song ____
Dixie because of its rebel tune
Star spangled banner because of the lyrics
God Save the South because of its untrustworthy
abilities towards the north
28. What was also employed as a recreational activity?
Drums
Dancing before a battle
Marching
Singing
29, 30
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29. What was the first song played in the Civil War?
First Gun was fired
God Save the South
Dixie
Elvis Presley’s number one hit
30. Were there musical duels?
No because that was too dangerous
Yes because the music traveled across the country
No because Abraham enforced a law restricting duels
Citations
• http://www.computerdjsummit.com/member
s/documents/musichistory.html
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/
120317/Classicism
• http://archiv.radio.cz/hudba/classic.html
Citations
• Bird, Christiane (2001). The Da Capo Jazz and
Blues Lover's Guide to the U.S.. Da Capo
• "U.S. Army Bands in History". U.S. Army
Bands.
http://bands.army.mil/history/default.asp.
Retrieved July 20, 2008.
• http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s
=c&p=i&a=l&ID=6
Citations
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•
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http://www.lib.niu.edu/1994/ihy940246.html
http://www.civilwarmusic.net/songs.php
http://www.civilwarmusic.net/history.php
http://www.jsfmusic.com/Uncle_Tom/Tom_Ar
ticle4.html
• No text in history book in all the citations (no
reference in book)
Answers
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1. C
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. C
Answers
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11. A
12. D
13. B
14. A
15. B
16. A
17. B
18. C
19. B
20. A
Answers
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21. b
22. d
23. a
24. b
25. d
26. a
27. a
28. d
29. a
30. b
END
• END