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Welcome to a fun computer game I created for you. On the next
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CARL ORFF
Carmina Burana: “O Fortuna”
Ruins of Athens: “Turkish
March”
Das Jahr (The Year): February,
“Scherzo”
“Hungarian Dance No. 5”
Carmina Burana: “O Fortuna”
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Orff, German 1895 – 1982
Influential music teacher, inventor and composer of Contemporary Period
Began studying piano at age 5; also studied cello and organ
As a child, he created puppet shows that sometimes included music for violin and
glockenspiel
Nearly killed while serving in German army during WWI
Married 4 times
Lived through 4 eras: German Empire; Weimar Republic; Nazi Germany and post
WWII West German Bundesrepublik
Designed elementary music classroom instruments with removable bars known as
xylophones, metallophones and glockenspiels
“O Fortuna” first performed in Germany in 1937
Piece composed to “paint medieval vision of fortune’s wheel and man’s life turning with
it from love to death, happiness to misery.”
Based on Latin poems written by monks in 13th century. Collection of poems was
found in Bavaria in 1803.
Written for chorus and orchestra – often performed with dancers, as a ballet.
Begins ff (fortissimo)
Sung in Latin
Ponce
Symphony No. 40:
Movement 1
Turandot: “Nessun
Dorma”
Mazurcas: No. 23 in a
minor
“Hungarian Dance No.
5”
Mazurcas: No. 23 in a minor
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Ponce was born in the tiny Mexican village of Fresnillo in 1882. He died in 1948 at the age of 66.
He was sent to study music in Europe when he was a young man.
One of his teachers, Paul Dukas, was so impressed with Ponce’s work that he once gave Ponce
a grade of 300 instead of 100!
After living overseas, Ponce came back to Mexico to teach at the National Conservatory of Music
in Mexico City where he had once been a student.
His best known pieces are for guitar, but he also wrote for orchestra, chamber ensembles and
solo instruments like the piano.
The Mazurcas were written b Ponce during the 1920’s and ’30’s.
The Mazurka is considered the national dance of Poland. When spelled in Spanish, the ‘k” is
replaced with a “c.”
You can hear the original Polish dance, a concert form and style and hints of Ponce’s Mexican
culture.
Each theme is in a different key and mode: the A theme is in minor, and the B and C themes are
in major keys.
Rondo form – music with a recurring A section, such as A B A C A
Sequence – a melodic pattern repeated at a higher or lower pitch
Trill – moving quickly between two close pitches
The A theme is heard 4 times in this piece
The piano is the featured solo instrument
Bach
Messiah: “Hallelujah
Chorus”
Brandenburg Concerto
No. 2: Movement 3
Symphony No. 1:
Finale
The Nutcracker Suite:
“March”
Brandenburg Concerto No. 2:
Movement 3
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Bach was born in Germany in 1685 – died in Germany in 1750 at the age of 65 from a stroke.
Learned to play several instruments but the organ was his favorite
He wrote over 1200 pieces of music
He had 20 children – 4 grew up to be composers
He was put in jail so he wouldn’t be able to quit a job he wanted to quit. While in jail, he wrote 46
pieces of music.
He loved good food and coffee – he wrote an entire cantata about coffee.
He went blind – more than likely from working in poor light for so many years.
This piece features the trumpet, oboe, violin and recorder.
Theme is played by different solo instruments, sometimes alone and sometimes with other
instruments.
The Tutti sections are played by all or most of the instruments together and the main theme is
usually not heard.
The accompaniment instruments are cello and harpsicord.
Bach wrote this as a sort of job application to Prince Brandenburg. Bach didn’t get the job,
although this piece is very well known.
Solo – one instrument plays the melody alone.
Tutti – all or most of the instruments play together.
Duple meter – beats grouped in sets of two.
This piece features a piccolo trumpet which is much smaller and sounds much higher than a
regular trumpet or cornet.
Main theme is heard 10 times
Bach lived during the Baroque Period.
Holst
The Planets: “Mars”
Trumpet Concerto in
Eb Major: Movement 3
“Washington Post
March”
Mazurcas: No. 23 in a
minor
The Planets: “Mars”
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Gustav Holst was born in England in 1874 – died in 1934 at the age of 60
Grandfather played the harp; father played the organ; mother was a singer
Holst played several instruments as a young man but ultimately chose trombone as
his major instrument
Went to school with Ralph Vaughan Williams at the Royal College of Music
He was skinny and shy; was a vegetarian; liked to take long walks
Worked very hard at composing; had many disappointments; some satisfying
successes, including “The Planets”
This is an orchestral suite written between 1914 and 1916, during the Contemporary
Period
Each movement was named for a planet in our solar system – Earth was not included
Pluto was not included because it had not been discovered at the time this piece was
composed
“Mars” features a rhythmic ostinato that is 5 beats long and includes triplets. It is
heard through much of the piece.
Triplet – 3 notes that sound on one beat
The movements of The Planets are: Mars, the Bringer of War; Venus, the Bringer of
Peace; Mercury, the Winged Messenger; Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity; Saturn, the
Bringer of Old Age; Uranus, the Magician; Neptune, the Mystic.
Puccini
Carmen: “Toreador
Song”
Carmina Burana: “O
Fortuna”
Turandot: “Nessun
Dorma”
Die Walküre: “Ride of
the Valkyries”
Turandot: “Nessun Dorma”
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Puccini was born in Italy in 1858 and died in 1924 at the age of 66. Composed during the
Romantic Period.
Studied music early in his life and began composing opera in his 20’s
His first hit opera, Manon Lescaut, was a world-wide sensation. From then on, his operas caused
as much excitement as blockbuster movies do today.
Corresponded with American inventor Thomas Edison who gave him a phonograph.
Puccini never finished writing Turandot. He suffered a heart attack before it was completed.
The opera is set in Peking, China. “Nessun Dorma” is an aria from the final act. Sung by Calaf,
the unknown prince, who has fallen in love with Princess Turandot.
The princess is challenged to guess his name. She orders the people of Peking to search for the
answer and “no one will sleep’ until she knows his name.
Calaf sings “Nessun Dorma” (no one sleeps). The final words “Vincero! Vincero! Translate to “I
will win!”
Puccini’s music is full of long, flowing melodic lines like those in “Nessun Dorma,” one of his bestloved arias.
Aria – a solo vocal piece featuring one singer in opera
Opera – music drama combining vocal and instrumental music, acting, scenery, costumes and
sometimes dance to tell a story
This is performed by solo tenor singer and orchestra
Composed for Chinese New Year
Melodic direction shows the melody getting higher, lower or staying the same
Haydn
Brandenburg Concerto
No. 2: Movement 3
Carmen: “Toreador
Song”
Trumpet Concerto in
Eb Major: Movement 3
Messiah: “Hallelujah
Chorus
Trumpet Concerto in Eb Major:
Movement 3
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Haydn was born in Austria in 1732. Died in 1809 at the age of 77
Great musical ability and beautiful singing voice as a child – left home at age of 6 to
begin musical training
Nicknamed “Father of the Symphony” because he perfected the form
Composed over 100 symphonies during the Classical Period
He was happy and cheerful and loved practical jokes – sometimes put tricks into his
music
Close friend of Mozart; Beethoven was one of his students
Mozart’s Requiem was played at his funeral
This piece was written for solo trumpet with supporting flute, oboe, French horn,
trumpet, timpani and strings
Written in 1796 for his friend who invented new kind of trumpet that could play more
complex melodies in addition to the older “trumpet calls”
The trumpeter plays a fancy solo called a cadenza
The main theme, or parts of the main theme, are heard 10 times in this selection
Melodic direction – way the melody moves up, down or stays the same
Dynamics – how loud or soft the music is
Cadenza – elaborate or showy solo passage created by the performer
This piece begins piano (soft)
Handel
Symphony No. 1:
Finale
Messiah: “Hallelujah
Chorus”
Symphony No. 40:
Movement 1
“Hungarian Dance No.
5”
Messiah: “Hallelujah Chorus”
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Handel was born in Germany in 1685 – died in 1759 at the age of 74
As a child, practiced secretly on a clavichord at the top of his house while the family
slept
He studied law as a young man but worked as an organist and violinist
Moved to England in 1712 and worked during the reign of King George II. Became a
citizen of England and lived there the rest of his life – buried at Westminster Abbey
Well liked by fellow composers. Bach, Mozart and Beethoven all expressed great
admiration for his music
Messiah written for charity event to raise money for a hospital
Well received at its first performance in Dublin, Ireland in 1741
It is said that King George II was so inspired with the sounds of “The Hallelujah
Chorus” that he stood up to show his approval. Now everyone stands when it is
played in public
Soprano – highest woman’s or children’s voices
Alto – lowest woman’s or children’s voices
Tenor – highest men’s voices
Bass – lowest men’s voices
Chorus – group of singers
“And He shall reign forever” is first sung by bass section
Performed by choir and orchestra
Tchaikovsky
Carmina Burana: “O
Fortuna”
Turandot: “Nessun
Dorma”
The Nutcracker Suite:
“March”
Das Jahr (The Year):
February, “Scherzo”
The Nutcracker Suite: “March”
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Tchaikovsky was born in Russia in 1840 – died in 1893 at age of 53
Learned to speak German and French by the time he was 6 and started
piano lessons at age 7
Always shy and had low self-esteem; imaginative and inventive but also
sought approval from friends and audiences
Traveled widely during his life and was first Russian composer whose music
became standard repertoire in Western Europe. He traveled to conduct in
the United States in 1891.
The Nutcracker is a ballet – story told through dance and music; depicts
children playing at a holiday party in Romantic Period Russia
ABA form – each A section also has a small aba section within it
In B section, strings and woodwinds play mostly sixteenth notes, which
gives it the feeling of excitement or scurrying around
Cymbals can be heard during the A section, but that is the only percussion
instrument in the piece
D. C. al fine – return to the beginning of the piece and stop at the fine
Instrument families – brass, percussion, strings, woodwinds
Wagner
Die Walküre: “Ride of
the Valkyries
Ruins of Athens:
“Turkish March”
The Planets: “Mars”
Mazurcas: No 23 in a
minor
Die Walküre: “Ride of the
Valkyries”
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Wagner was born in Germany in 1813 – died in 1883 at the age of 70
Wrote world’s longest opera (The Ring Cycle) which is actually four separate operas
performed together in just over 18 hours
Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and lyrics – most
composers collaborate with a libretist
Had his own opera house built where he premiered many operas. Nothing but
Wagnerian operas are performed there still today
His music was considered very inventive and modern; over 10,000 books and articles
are written about Wagner
The story is based on Norse mythology
“Ride of the Valkyries” is well known and has been used in television, movies and,
yes, even cartoons
Wagner uses leitmotif’s: brief melodies or themes to represent different characters,
objects, places or ideas
This is performed by orchestra and soprano singers. The A theme represents the
horses going up the mountain. The B theme is the call of the Valkyries
A Valkyrie, from Norse mythology, is a mythical woman warrior, whose job is to lead
fallen heroes, if they are worthy, to Valhalla (a sort of paradise for warriors)
Mozart
The Planets: “Mars”
Symphony No. 40:
Movement 1
Turandot: “Nessun
Dorma”
“Washington Post
March”
Symphony No. 40: Movement 1
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Mozart was born in Austria in 1756 – died in 1791 at the age of 35 – composer during
the Classical Period
Learned to play violin and harpsichord at the age of 3 – began composing at the age
of 5 – began touring and giving concerts across Europe at the age of 7 with his father
and sister
Wrote numerous operas, symphonies, concertos, chamber works and keyboard
pieces – many are still performed regularly today
Earned a lot of many from composing but when he died at the age of 35, he was in
debt
40th Symphony was written during the summer months of 1788 – he was in debt and
his baby daughter had just died
Tragic emotions may have been associated with the key of g minor, yet most do not
associate this symphony with tragedy
Sonata form – classical organization of symphony’s movement: Exposition,
Development and Recapitulation
Sequence – when melodic pattern is repeated higher or lower
Cadence – when music comes to a resting point or stop
Mozart wrote 41 numbered symphonies
Sousa
“Washington Post
March”
Brandenburg Concerto
No. 2: Movement 3
The Nutcracker Suite:
“March”
Messiah: “Hallelujah
Chorus”
“Washington Post March”
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Sousa was born in Washington, D.C. in 1854 – died in 1932 at the age of 78 during
Contemporary Period
Learned to play cornet and trombone as a child
Father played trombone in the Marine Band; followed in father’s footsteps and also
played in the Marine Band
Composed 136 marches during his life, earning the title of “March King”
Also wrote operettas and musicals but best known for his marches
Invented Sousaphone, type of tuba used in marching bands
“Washington Post March” was written in 1889 at the request of the owners of The
Washington Post newspaper, to be performed at an award ceremony for an essay
contest
Title “March King” was first used after this composition
Original recording was made in 1890 on a phonograph – reissued in 1999 on CD
Use of 6/8 meter made this March suitable for the two-step, a new dance during this
time period
Countermelody – second, different melody that is played along with the main melody
Trumpet is featured instrument in this piece
Melodic direction – melody moving up, down or staying the same
F. Mendelssohn
Trumpet Concerto in
Eb Major: Movement 3
Das Jahr (The Year):
February, “Scherzo”
Mazurcas: No. 23 in a
minor
Carmen: “Toreador
Song”
Das Jahr (The Year): February,
“Scherzo”
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Fanny Mendelssohn was born in Hamburg, Germany in 1805 – died in 1847
at the age of 42 – lived during Romantic Period
She and her brother, Felix, were both very musically gifted and began
composing at a very young age
Fanny’s music remained almost unknown until recently – women
composers were not taken seriously during the Romantic period
She died at the age of 42 from a stroke – her best friend and brother, Felix,
died soon after
Das Jahr (The Year) was written as an artistic collaboration with her
husband, artist Wilhelm Hensel
Inspiration for each selection drawn from a one year trip taken to Italy
As a gift, she wrote each piece on colored paper and decorated it with
drawings by Hensel; each piece also accompanied with a poem
Completed work given to Hensel as a Christmas present that same year
Solo – musical performance by one individual
Piano is featured instrument in this piece
Bizet
Die Walküre: “Ride of
the Valkyries”
Carmina Burana: “O
Fortuna”
Carmen: “Toreador
Song”
Ruins of Athens:
“Turkish March”
Carmen: “Toreador Song”
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Bizet was born in Paris, France on October 25, 1838 (Romantic Period) – died in 1875
at the age of 37
Entered Paris Conservatory of Music before 10th birthday
Studied in Rome for 3 years after winning a composition contest
Best known for Carmen and for L’arlesienne Suite which was written for a play
Died soon after Carmen was first produced and never knew how popular it would
become
Story of Carmen was considered very controversial at the time
Based on a novella by Merimee; dialogue is often spoken rather than sung
In the Introduction, orchestra plays the melody that the Baritone, Escamillo will sing
“Toreador Song” is heard in Act 2 as Escamillo brags in front of the people gathered at
the inn
“Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre” is the official title used in the score
Baritone – man’s medium voice
Aria – solo song in an opera
Opera – music drama combining vocal and instrumental music, acting, scenery,
costumes and sometimes dance to tell a story
Carmen is 4th most performed opera in North America
Violin is heard during introduction and coda
Coda is heard at the end
The introduction and the first ending are NOT heard the second time
Beethoven
“Washington Post
March”
Symphony No. 40:
Movement 1
Messiah: “Hallelujah
Chorus”
Ruins of Athens:
“Turkish March”
Ruins of Athens: “Turkish
March”
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Beethoven was born in Germany in 1770 – died in 1827 at the age of 57
His compositions created a bridge from Classical Period into the Romantic Period
Father taught him piano lessons at age 4; hoping to study with Mozart but had to take
care of his family
Had great musical talent but his moodiness made it hard for people to stay friends with
him
Began losing his hearing in his late 20’s; went completely deaf but continued
composing
Mozart’s Requiem was sung at his funeral
This piece was written for the play “Ruins of Athens” in 1811
Written to imitate sound of Turkish military marching band,, a Mehteran
The Mehteran was used by the king to give courage to his soldiers and scare the
enemy
Instruments in a mehteran were drums, bells, triangles, cymbals, oboes and trumpets
Beethoven chose dynamics to make the music sound as if the “marchers” were
approaching, passing by and then disappearing into the distance
Accent – tone that is played louder or with more emphasis than others surrounding it
Dynamics – how loud or soft the sound is
Selection begins piano (p) – soft
“B” theme is heard twice
Mood of this piece could be described as steady and lively
Brahms
“Hungarian Dance No.
5”
The Nutcracker Suite:
“March”
Turandot: “Nessun
Dorma”
Symphony No. 40:
Movement 1
“Hungarian Dance No. 5”
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Brahms was born in Hamburg, Germany on May 7, 1833 during the Romantic Period. He died in
1897 at the age of 64
His father was a double bass player for the Hamburg Theater and taught his son to play the violin
and cello. His favorite instrument was the piano
He learned Hungarian folk music through his friendship with Hungarian violinist, Remenyi
Moved to Vienna, Austria in 1863 where he remained for the rest of his life, teaching and
conducting as well as composing
Brahms is one of the “three B’s of composers”: Bach, Beethoven and Brahms, who each
composed musical models other composers prized
Hungarian Dance No. 5 uses themes from Hungarian gypsy dance music. It is high-spirited, witty
and full of humor
First published scored for piano duet in 1869, as one of 21 Hungarian dances
Brahms later arranged many of his Hungarian Dances for orchestra, including No. 5
One of the dances, performed on the piano by Brahms, was recorded by a representative of
Thomas Edison
Allegro – fast
Vivace – very fast
Adagio – slowly
Marcato – stressed, weighty accents
a tempo – return to the original tempo
Music in this piece is reminiscent of gypsy music performed for dancing in the camps
D.C. al fine means return to the beginning and end at the fine
Prokofiev
Brandenburg Concerto
No. 2: Movement 3
Symphony No. 1:
Finale
Carmen: “Toreador
Song”
“Washington Post
March”
Symphony No. 1: Finale
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Prokofiev was born in Russia in 1891 – died in 1953 at the age of 62
One of the most recognized composers of Contemporary period
Mother played piano; he wrote first piano piece at 5; learned to play chess at 7 and eventually beat
world chess champions
Entered St. Petersburg Conservatory of Music at 13, where he studied with Rimsky-Korsakov, a
master of orchestration
He lived in America, France and England when artistic freedom was stifled in Russia and returned to
Russia when a more tolerant attitude took hold
He was a brilliant pianist but remembered more as a composer
Symphony No. 1 is often called the “Classical Symphony”
Actually neo-classical with strict classical form, but with imaginative harmony and orchestration of
Contemporary Period
Prokofiev was 25 when he wrote this piece – he was on vacation and didn’t even have a piano
Written for a very small orchestra with interesting instrument combinations
Finale is the last movement in the 4 movement symphony; fast and playful music
Sonata form – exposition, development, recapitulation
Accent – (<) louder or stronger emphasis on a specific note
Pizzicato – plucking the strings rather than playing with a bow
Prokofiev also wrote “Peter and the Wolf”
Flute, violin and clarinet are featured in this selection
The mood of this selection is cheerful
Recapitulation means bringing back themes from the beginning
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