Transcript Development and Learning Domain

Development and Learning Domain
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Module 12: Adolescence
Three Key Developmental
Issues
Continuity and Stages
• How much of behavior is continuous
and how much follows a more stage like
development?
Stability and Change
• Which developmental traits remain
stable over time, and which change?
Nature and Nurture
• How much of our behavior is due to
nature and how much is due to nurture?
• How do nature and nurture interact in
development?
Module 12: Adolescence
Social Development in
Adolescence
Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994)
• Created an 8-stage theory of social
development.
– Each stage has its own psychosocial,
developmental task.
Module 12: Adolescence
Social Development in
Adolescence:
Developing Identity
Identity
• One’s unique sense of self;
– Defined physical &/or social characteristics of a
person
• according to Erikson, an adolescence
task is to solidify a sense of self by
testing and integrating various roles.
– A strong, consistent sense of who and what a
person is
Developing Identity
• Identity search includes the following
characteristics:
–Experimentation
–Rebellion
–“Self”-ishness
–Optimism and energy
James Marcia – Identity Crisis
• ID foreclosure – identity is defined by others
– Group determines level of personal growth
– “Problem” kids become “bad” kids/people
– Once you get a negative ID it is hard to shake
• ID diffusion – no identity and no try to get one
– No effort to define self
– Reject labels/categories
• Moratorium – trying to find identity
– Journey of self-discovery
– Can be trial & error – tryout different personality types
• ID achievement – well defined self-concept
– Know who you are and what you stand for
– Have ability to stand against the crowd
Writing Prompts
1) Make a list of the things that you are
committed to.
2) Rank them from the most important to the
least important.
3) Do the things at the top of your list have a
more significant influence on your personality?
Why or why not?
Module 12: Adolescence
Social Development in
Adolescence:
Developing Intimacy
Intimacy
• In Erikson’s theory, the ability to
form close, loving, open relationships;
• a primary task in early adulthood.
• Not necessarily one’s spouse or a sexual
relationship
Module 12: Adolescence
Social Development in
Adolescence:
Independence From
Family
Independence
• In Western
cultures begins
in childhood
• Primary
attachment
becomes one’s
peers
Module 13: Adulthood and Aging
Social Changes and
Transitions:
College Majors, Work and
Happiness
College Majors
• Most college students:
–change their initial major field
–Cannot accurately predict the career
they will have in later life
–Change careers once they enter the
work force
Module 13: Adulthood and Aging
Social Changes and
Transitions:
Love and Marriage
Commitment to Love
• An important factor in adult happiness
• Lasting love includes:
–Intimate self-disclosure
–Shared emotional and material
support
–Similar interests and values
Commitment to Children
© ARIEL SKELLEY/CORBIS
• Children result in a change in the
marital relationship
• Potential disagreement on the division
of labor with children
Empty Nest
• The change married couples go through
as a result of their children leaving
home
• Not necessarily a negative event for
couples
Module 13: Adulthood and Aging
Social Changes and
Transitions:
A Lifetime of Well-Being
Overall Life Satisfaction
• Most studies show the elderly as happy
and satisfied with life.
• People tend to mellow with age.
• Most regrets focus on what the person
didn’t do rather than mistakes they have
made in life.
Overall Life Satisfaction
Module 13: Adulthood and Aging
Social Changes and
Transitions:
Dying and Death
Reactions to Death
• Reactions to death are different from
culture to culture.
• Attitudes toward death and dying are
changing in the United States.
– more openness
– facing death with dignity
• hospice helps
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Influence
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Thinking:
Attitudes and Actions
Attitude
• The belief and feeling that predisposes
someone to respond in a particular
way to objects, people, and events.
Attitudes Affecting Actions
• Many studies suggest a person’s
attitudes do not match their actions
• Attitudes can predict behavior if:
–Outside influences are minimal
–People are aware of their attitudes
–Attitude is relevant to behavior
Attitudes Affecting Actions
Actions Affecting Attitudes
• Under some circumstances one’s actions
can influence attitudes. They include:
–Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
–Role playing
–Cognitive dissonance
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
• The tendency for
people who have first
agreed to a small
request to comply
later with a larger
request.
MICHEL TOURAINE/PIXLAND/CORBIS
Role
• A set of expectations in a social setting
that define how one ought to behave.
Role Playing
• Playing a role can influence or change
one’s attitude
• Zimbardo’s Prison Study
–College students played the role of
guard or prisoner in a simulated
prison.
–The study was ended when the guards
became too aggressive and cruel.
Zimbardo’s Prison Study
College students played the
role of guard or prisoner
in a simulated prison.
• The study was ended
when the guards became
too aggressive and cruel.
PHILIP G. ZIMBARDO, PHD., STANDFORD UNIVERSITY
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• The theory that we act to reduce the
discomfort (dissonance) we feel when
two of our thoughts (cognitions) are
inconsistent.
• When our attitudes are inconsistent with
our actions, we change our attitudes to
reduce the dissonance.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Influence
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Influence:
Conformity and
Obedience
Conformity
• Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking
to coincide with a group standard.
Solomon Asch (1907-1996)
• Social psychologist who researched
the circumstances under which people
conform.
Asch’s Conformity Study
Factors Increasing Conformity
•
•
•
•
The person feels incompetent or insecure.
The group has three or more people.
The rest of the group is unanimous.
The person is impressed by the status of
the group.
• No prior commitments were made.
• The group is observing the person respond.
• One’s culture encourages conformity.
Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)
• Social psychologist who researched
obedience to authority.
Obedience
• The tendency to comply with orders,
implied or real, from someone
perceived as an authority.
© 1965 BY STANLEY MILGRAM, FROM
THE FILM OBEDIANCE, DISTRIBUTED
BY PENIN STATE MEDIA SALES
© 1965 BY STANLEY MILGRAM, FROM
THE FILM OBEDIANCE, DISTRIBUTED
BY PENIN STATE MEDIA SALES
Milgram’s Obedience to Authority
Milgram’s Obedience to Authority
(Data from Milgram, 1974)
Milgram’s Obedience to Authority
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Influence:
Group Influence
Social Facilitation
• Improved performance of tasks in the
presence of others.
• Occurs with simple or well learned tasks
but not with tasks that are difficult or
not yet learned
Social Facilitation
Social Loafing
• The tendency for people in a group to
exert less effort when pooling their
efforts toward attaining a common goal
than when individually accountable.
• People may be less accountable in a
group, or they may think their efforts
aren’t needed.
Deindividuation
• The loss of self-awareness and selfrestraint occurring in group situations
that foster arousal and anonymity.
• People lose their sense of responsibility
when in a group.
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Influence: Group
Influence – Our Behavior
in the Presence of Others
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Influence: Group
Influence – Group
Interaction Effects
Group Polarization
• Enhancement of a
group’s already
existing attitudes
through discussion
within the group.
The End