Transcript 1. what are emotion and mood?

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BY
Mrs. Rand Omran Alastal
Robbins & Judge
Organizational Behavior
14th Edition
Emotions and Moods
Kelli J. Schutte
William Jewell College
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After studying this chapter you should be able to:
1. Differentiate emotions from moods, and list the basic
emotions and moods.
2. Discuss whether emotions are rational and what functions
they serve.
3. Identify the sources of emotions and moods.
4. Show the impact emotional labor has on employees.
5. Describe Affective Events Theory and identify its
applications.
6. Contrast the evidence for and against the existence of
emotional intelligence.
7. Identify strategies for emotion regulation and their likely
effect.
8. Apply concepts about emotions and moods to specific OB
issues.
content
 1. what are emotion and mood?
(basic emotion, basic moods, function of emotion,
sources of emotion)
 2. Emotional labor
 3. Affective events theory.
 4. Emotional intelligence
(case for EI., case against EI., emotional regulation)
 5. O.B applications of emotions and moods
(selection, decision making, creativity, motivation,
leadership, negotiation, customer services, job attitudes,
dividend workplace behaviors, safety and injury at
work, how managers can influence moods.
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 6. Summary and implications for managers
Why Were Emotions Ignored in OB?
 The “Myth of Rationality”
1. Emotions were seen as irrational
2. Managers worked to make emotion-free environments
 View of Emotionality
1. Emotions were believed to be disruptive
2. Emotions interfered with productivity
3. Only negative ( -ve) emotions were observed
 Now we know emotions can’t be separated from the
workplace
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1. What are Emotions and Moods?
Affect
A broad range of
emotions that people
experience
Emotions
Moods
Intense feelings that
are directed at
someone or
something
Feelings that tend to
be less intense than
emotions and that lack
a contextual stimulus
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The Basic Emotions
 While not universally accepted, there appear to be six basic
emotions: There are dozens. Including
 Anger, contempt, enthusiasm, envy,
Fear, frustration, disappointment,
embarrassment, Disgust, Happiness, hate,
hope, jealousy, joy, pride, Surprise, and Sadness.
 All other emotions are subsumed under these six:
 Wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy, and sadness.
 May even be placed in a spectrum of emotion:
 Happiness – surprise – fear – sadness – anger – disgust
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Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect
 Classifications of emotion:
 1. Positive affect: A mood dimension that consists of
specific positive emotions such as: excitement, selfassurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and
boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end.
 2. Negative affect: A mood dimension that consists of
negative emotions such as: nervous stress, anxiety at the
high end and relaxation, tranquility, and poise at the low
end.
 Positivity offset: the tendency of most individuals to
experience a mildly positive mood at zero input (when
nothing in particular is going on.
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Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect
Emotions cannot be neutral.
Emotions (“markers”) are grouped
into general mood states.
Mood states affect perception and
therefore perceived reality.
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What Is the Function of Emotion?
Emotions can aid in our decision-making
process.
Many researchers have shown that emotions
are necessary for rational decisions.
Thinking
Feeling
Decision Making
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Identify the Sources of Emotion and Mood?
1. Personality :
2. Day of the Week and Time of the day:
3. Weather:
4. Stress:
5. Social Activities:
6. Sleep
7. Exercise
8. Age
9. Gender
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cont
1. Personality :There is a trait component – different in
Affect intensity: individual differences in the strength with which
individuals experience their emotions.
2. Day of the Week and Time of the day:
“morning or evening people”.
1. There is a common pattern for all of us
2. Happier in the midpoint of the daily awake period
3. Happier toward the end of the week
3. Weather: “ sunny or gloomy, cold, rainy day”
Illusory correlation: the tendency of people to associate two
events when in reality there is no connection – no effect
4. Stress: Even low levels of constant stress can worsen moods
5. Social Activities: Physical, informal, and dining activities
increase positive moods
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cont
6. Sleep : Dose lack of sleep make people grumpier? yes
Poor sleep (deprived) quality increases negative affect
7. Exercise: Dose sweat therapy really work? Yes
enhance peoples’ positive mood, especially for depressed
people. chocolate,
8. Age: Do young people experience more extreme positive
emotion? Yes, (youthful exuberance) but Older people
experience fewer negative emotions
9. Gender Dose women more emotional then men? yes
Women tend to be more emotionally expressive, feel
emotions more intensely, have longer-lasting moods, and
express emotions more frequently than do men, due more to
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socialization than to biology
2. Emotional Labor
Definition of Emotional Labor:
A situation in which an employee’s expresses of
organizationally desired emotions during
interpersonal transactions at work.
 definition of Emotional Dissonance:
Inconsistencies between the emotions people feel
and the emotions they project.
– Employees have to project one emotion while
simultaneously feeling another
– Can be very damaging and lead to burnout
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Cont.
 Types of Emotions:
1. Felt emotions: the individual’s actual emotions
2. Displayed emotions: required or appropriate
emotions in a given job.
 Displaying fake emotions requires us to suppress real
ones:
1. Surface Acting:
hiding one’s inner feelings and forgoing emotional
expression in response to display rules.
2. Deep Acting:
trying to modify one’s true inner feelings based on
display rules- very stressful
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3. Affective Events Theory (AET)
 Definition Affective Events Theory (AET):
A model that suggests that workplace events
causes emotional reactions on the part of
employees, which then influence workplace
attitudes and behaviour.
These work environment triggers positive or
negative emotional reactions.
Personality and mood determine response
intensity
Emotions can influence a broad range of work
variables
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Implications of AET
1. An emotional episode is actually the result of a
series of emotional experiences triggered by a
single event
2. Current and past emotions affect job
satisfaction
3. Emotional fluctuations over time create
variations in job performance
4. Emotion-driven behaviors are typically brief
and variable
5. Both negative and positive emotions can
distract workers and reduce job performance.
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Cont.
 AET. Offers two important messages:
 First: Emotions provide valuable
insights into how workplace hassles and
uplifting events influence employee
performance and satisfaction.
 Second: Employees and mangers
should not ignore emotions, or the
events that cause them even when they
appear minor because they accumulate
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4. Emotional Intelligence (EI)
Definition of Emotional Intelligence (EI):
the ability to detect and to manage emotional
cues and information.
A person’s ability EI to:
1. perceive emotions in the self and others.
2. understand the meaning of these emotions
3. regulate one’s emotions accordingly in a
cascading model.
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cascading model.
conscientiousness
cognitive
Emotional
stability
Perceive emotions in self
and others
Understand the meaning of
emotions
Regulate emotions
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Cont.
EI plays an important role in job performance
EI is controversial and not wholly accepted
1. Case for EI:
Intuitive appeal; predicts criteria that matter; is
biologically-based.
2. Case against EI:
Too vague a concept; can’t be measured; its
validity is suspect.
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5. OB Applications of Emotions and Moods
 Identify strategies for emotion regulation and
their likely effects? 10 strategies
1. Selection
2. Decision Making
3. Creativity
4. Motivation
5. Leadership
6. Negotiation
7. Customer Services
8. Job Attitudes
9. Deviant Workplace Behaviors
10.Manager’s Influence.
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5. OB Applications of Emotions and Moods
1. Selection: EI should be a hiring factor,
especially for social jobs.
2. Decision Making: Positive emotions can lead
to better decisions.
3. Creativity: Positive mood increases flexibility,
openness, and creativity.
4. Motivation: Positive mood affects expectations
of success; feedback amplifies this effect.
5. Leadership: Emotions are important to
acceptance of messages from organizational
leaders.
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Cont.
6. Negotiation : Emotions, skillfully displayed, can
affect negotiations
7. Customer Services: Emotions affect service quality
delivered to customers which, in turn, affects
customer relationships.
Emotional Contagion: “catching” emotions are cased
by the emotions of others
8. Job Attitudes: Can carry over to home, but dissipate
overnight
9. Deviant Workplace Behaviors: Negative emotions
lead to employee deviance (actions that violate
norms and threaten the organization)
10.Manager’s Influence: Leaders who are in a good
mood, use humor, and praise employees increase
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positive moods in the workplace.
Global Implications
 Do people experience emotions equally?
No. Culture can determine type, frequency, and depth of
experienced emotions
 Do people interpret emotions the same way?
Yes. Negative emotions are seen as undesirable and
positive emotions are desirable. However, value of each
emotion varies across cultures
 Do norms of emotional expression vary?
Yes. Some cultures have a bias against emotional
expression; others demand some display of emotion.
 How the emotions are expressed may make interpretation
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outside of one’s culture difficult?
6. Summary and Managerial Implications
Moods are more general than emotions and
less contextual
Emotions and moods impact all areas of OB
Managers cannot and should not attempt to
completely control the emotions of their
employees
Managers must not ignore the emotions of
their co-workers and employees
Behavior predictions will be less accurate
if emotions are not taken into account
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