Transcript Social Psychology

Chapter 12: Social
Psychology
Section 1: Social
Influence– Conformity
Social
Psychology
 Social Psychology: the scientific
study of how a person’s thoughts,
feelings, and behavior are influenced
by the ____, ________, or __________
________________________________
 3 main areas:
 Social influence– ways in which
a person’s ________ can be
affected by other people
 social cognition– ways in which
people _________ about other
people
 Social interaction– positive and
negative aspects of __________
__________________________
Conformity
 Social influence: the process through
which the ____ or _______ presence of
others can _______ or __________
influence the thoughts, feelings, and
behavior of an individual
 Conformity: ________ one’s own
behavior to _______ that of other
people
Asch’s
Classic
Study on
Conformity
 Asch’s experiment (1952)
 People may conform to others’ ideas
of ______, even when they _________
 Experiment:
 1 ________ & 6 ____________ in a
classroom with a line projected on
the screen
 Participant sat ________ in line
 3 more lines are displayed on the
screen
 Participants were asked _________
_________________ as the 1st one.
 After 3 trails, the confederates
before the participant picked the
________________
Asch’s
Classic
Study on
Conformity
 Results: a little _____________ of the
time the participant ____________
 Conformity ______ with each new
confederate until there were at
___________
 Conformity ________ if there was
just one confederate who gave
the _________________
 If the participant knew at least
one person would ______, the
_________ to conform was ___
there
The
Hazards of
Groupthink
 Groupthink: kind of thinking that
occurs when people place more
__________ on __________ group
cohesiveness than on assessing the
______ of the problem with which the
group is concerned
 Ex. People believed the Titanic to be
unsinkable so __________________
______________________________
The
Hazards of
Groupthink
 “Symptoms” of groupthink
 People may think their group
can ___________, creating an
__________________________
 It is _________ correct
 Always _____________
 Group members may believe
anyone who opposes doesn’t
have ____________________
 Opposition may be prevented
from _____________
 Opposition may refrain from
___________
 “______________________”
Section 2: Social
Influence–
Compliance
Compliance
 Consumer Psychology: branch of
psychology that studies the ______ of
__________ in the marketplace
 Compliance: changing one’s behavior
as a result of other people ________ or
_________ for the _____________
 Compliance exists when there is no
____________________________
 Example: Asch’s participant knows
the group answer is incorrect and
doesn’t truly believe the line is the
same, but does agree/go along
with their answer
Section 3: Social
Influence–
Obedience
Obedience
to
Authority
 Obedience: changing one’s behavior at the
____________ of an _________________
 Difference between compliance and
obedience:
 Compliance– ___________________
______________________________
 Obedience– authority figure with
______________________________
______________________________
 Examples:
 Milgram Experiment
 The Stanford Prison Experiment
Why Do
People
Obey?
 Psychologists have proposed that
people ____ to obey authority figures
 We follow the orders from ______,
________, _________, etc.
 We are more likely to follow
authority figure’s orders when they
___________________________
Section 4: Group
Behavior
Group
Behavior
 Group polarization: the tendency for
members involved in a group
discussion to take somewhat more
________________ and suggest ______
actions when compared to individuals
who have ________________ in a group
discussions
 Due to 2 characteristics:
 Social comparison– the need for
individuals to act in ways that
they believe make them _______
___________________________
 Informational social influence–
the tendency to take our ____ or
appropriate ________ from
others when we are in an
___________________________
Social
Facilitation
and Social
Loafing
 Social influence can affect the
__________________ of individual task
________________, as well as
perceived _________________
 Social facilitation: the tendency for
the presence of other people to
have a __________ impact on the
performance of an ______ task
 Increase in ________ to improve
performance
 Social impairment: the tendency
for the presence of other people to
have a ___________ impact on the
performance of a _________ task
Social
Facilitation
and Social
Loafing
 Social loafing: the tendency for people
to put _________ into a simple task
when working ___________ on that task
 When working in a group, it is easier
to “_____________________”
 When working alone, the evaluation
is based __________________, and
therefore he/she cannot _______
 Depends heavily on the __________
that _________________ for a task is
severely lessened when working
with a group
Section 5: Social
Cognition–
Attitude
Formation
Social
Cognition
 Reminder: social cognition is the way in
which people think about other people
and how those cognitions influence their
behavior toward those other people
 Attitudes: a tendency to _____________
_________ or ___________ toward a
certain person, object, idea, or situation
 Developed through __________
___________________
 Affects ________ towards others,
objects, ideas, and situations
 Includes ________, beliefs, and ______
 Once formed, attitudes influence the
way people ___________ before they
interact with them
Attitudes
 We are not _______ with attitudes
 Learned through __________ and
________ with others
 Can be ___________________ to
form certain attitudes
 Instructed by ________, peers,
__________, etc.
 They often involve a positive or
negative ___________ of something
Functions
of Attitude
• Attitudes as a self-defining mechanism
• They help __________________,
like to physical appearance
• Attitudes make up the __________
• How we see or describe
_________; our total _________
of ourselves
• Positive self-concept– tend
to act and feel ____________
& _________________
• Negative self-concept– tend
to act and feel ____________
or ______________________
Function
of
Attitudes
 Attitudes as social
group _____________
 Social groups also
hold attitudes
 People living in
_____________
_________ and
who frequently
_____________
with one
another have
similar attitudes
 Exposed to
___________
___________
Impression
Formation
 Impression Formation: the forming
of the ______________ that a person
has concerning another person
 Assigning the person to
__________ and drawing
________ about what that person
is likely to do
 Firsts formed _____________ a
new person
First
Impressions
 First impressions are usually based on
______________________
 ___________ make certain
judgments based on looks
 ______________—the
tendency to form opinions
about others based on first
impressions
 _______ and ________ with
people based on these
opinions
 __________ interactions
based on these opinions
 Can create a
_____________________
_____________________
Section 6: Social
Categorization
Social
Categorization
 Social categorization: the assignment
of a person one has just met to a
________ based on _____________ the
new person has in _________ with other
people with whom one has had
experience in the past
 _____________ process
 Occurs with little conscious
_____________
Social
Categorization
Gone Wrong
 Stereotypes: a set of characteristics
that people believe is ________ by _____
_________ of a particular social category
 Typically formed with ____________
information
 Mostly used to __________ others
 We often ______ others
differently as a result
 Primacy effects can cause _______
Usefulness
of
Schemas
 Schemas are useful when they
 Help us ________ with some
degree of accuracy how people
will __________
 Help us ________ and
____________ information
 To avoid falling into negative
stereotypes, we must be ______ of
them and ____________________
every time it is activated in our
mind
Implicit
Personality
Theory
 Implicit personality theory: sets of
____________ about how ____________ of
people, personality traits, and actions are
_________ to each other
 Formed in ______________
 Ex. The idea that happy people are also
friendly people
 Ex. The idea that
quiet people are
also shy
 These are not
necessarily
____, they do
help us
_______ our
schemas
Social
Interaction:
Prejudice and
Aggression
Section 7: Prejudice and
Discrimination
Prejudice
Prejudice and
Discrimination
Discrimination
 Negative ________  _________ people
held by a person
differently because
about the members of prejudice
of a particular ____
toward the social
________
group to which
 ________________
they belong
 Cannot be
 ________________
____________ or
 _______ can be
________________
made to ________
discrimination
Types of
Prejudice and
Discrimination
 Examples: ageism, sexism, racism, etc.
 Vary based on group __________________
 In-Group: social groups with who a
person ___________
 “____”
 Out-Group: social groups with whom a
person ____________________
 “_________”
 Usually __________ by the in-group
 These groups are formed in _________,
and ___________ through life
Section 8: How
People Learn
Prejudice
Social
Cognitive
Theory
 Social Cognitive Theory: the use of
_________________ in relation to
understanding the ______________
 Prejudice is an _________ formed
like other attitudes being
formed– through direct
________, __________, and other
social ________________
Social
Identity
Theory
 Social identity theory: the formation of a
person’s ________ within a particular
_____________ is explained by social
categorization, social identity, and social
comparison
 1) social ______________________
 2) ______________– social identity:
the part of the ____________ including
one’s view of self as a member of a
particular social category
 Typically see self as belonging to
the ________________
 3) social comparison: the comparison
of oneself to others in ways that _____
one’s ___________________
 Comparing self to ______________
others– “Well, at least I’m better
than ___.”
 Prejudice may result from this “__”
vs. “_____” ________________
Stereotype
Vulnerability
 Stereotype vulnerability: the effect that
people’s _________ of the stereotypes
associated with their social group has on
their __________
 People often feel anxious about
behaving in ways that _____________
_______________ others have about
their group
 That anxiety may result in _______
___________________ that ends
up confirming the stereotype
 Self-fulfilling prophecy: the
tendency of one’s ___________
to affect one’s behavior in such
a way as to make the
expectations _______________
____________
Section 9:
Anatomy of a
Cult
Anatomy
of a Cult
 Cult: any group of people with a
particular _________ or ___________
set of ______ and __________
 With this strict definition,
__________ and _____________
are considered cults
 However, most people have a
_____________________ of cults
 Assume that beliefs extremely
different from __________ are
viewed as ______________
 Many cults exist without _______
Anatomy
of a Cult
 Cult member characteristics
 _____________________ at time of
recruitment
 ___________
 ______________ with their lives
 Unassertive
 _____________
 Dependent
 Desire to _____________________
 Unrealistically idealistic
 Young people rebelling against
___________________________
Anatomy
of a Cult
 Cult leaders are extremely _________
 Steps to joining a cult
 1) “____________”– showered
with affection and attention
 2) ______ from family and friends
 Keep recruits _____ with rigid
rituals, was of dress,
mediation, etc.
 3) Teach members how to stop
_________________ or _________
by saying it is a ____
 4) _______________ outside the
cult is either shut-off completely
or extremely limited
 5) __________________________
 Something small to quitting job
and turning over all money
Anatomy
of a Cult
 It is difficult to ________ a cult
 Parents often have their child
“________________”
 Some have to have their
children “____________”
 If a member leaves on their own,
they are ____________________
 However, about _____ of cult
members do eventually get out